territorial seas ap human geographyterritorial seas ap human geography

Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. Ratzel argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Even though these island chains are essentially uninhabited, many believe that there are important natural resources around them, hence the competing claims. Territorial Sea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Download image (jpg, 146 KB). The cession may be the result of a dispute or conflict settlement. Finally, they cannot be used to cut off another States access to their territorial sea or EEZ. To maintain such projects without national control, LOSC created the International Seabed Authority, referred to as the Authority in the LOSC document. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nauticalmile_knot.html. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Source: Transport Geography Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. Irredentist movements have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world, as they often involve claims to territory that is already inhabited by other people. . The UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of states in relation to the use of the oceans and establishes rules for the settlement of disputes. Navigable waters at the boundary of a state or nation that are held to be within the jurisdiction of that nation or state, especially those ocean. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that describes how sea-going vessels should interact with each other and with marine resources in regional waters and the high seas. It opened for signature on December 10th, 1982 and was put into force on November 16th, 1994. Jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. Boundaries Overview & Types | Physical, Political & Cultural Boundaries. These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. Provide either an example or an explanation is the chart below. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. What is the "EEZ"? In order to help settle disputes and concerns regarding the traditional three mile claim to offshore sea each nation had, the United Nations worked for 14 years with over 150 countries around the world to commission the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Each of these countries has complete dominion of the seas up to 3 miles off their coast. This international body, headquartered in Jamaica, is responsible for administering these resource projects through a business unit called the Enterprise. What is the "EEZ"? - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? These rights need to be balanced with the freedom of navigation and access to resources outside State control the freedom of the seas. A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. This does not mean, however, they can do absolutely anything they want within those 12 miles. Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested. An internal boundary is a line or border that divides one area or entity into two or more smaller areas or entities. and multi-state . The U.S. Atolls are small, U-shaped islands or reefs which are made from coral. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. Territorial Sea a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state Terrorism the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be __________. succeed. Protection of human life 70 Article 147. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. A perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another state. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ. The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Chile is the classic example of an elongated state because it spans thousands of miles top to bottom, but only a few hundred from side-to-side. This hasn't stopped conflict from occurring, however, as most recently exemplified by the land and water claims in the South China Sea by China, Vietnam, and other nations. serves as a buffer between two much larger states, stretches a long way in one direction, but a comparably short way in the other direction, is completely surrounded by another state. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. 8 AP Human Notes Political geography - the study of power Cooperation & conflict are the jet fuel of power Political space - a balance of cooperation (holding a state together) & conflict (internal diversity like independence movements may place strains on the state) States have REGIONS (administrative regions), sub-state regions (provinces, etc.) 5030 of March 10, 1983, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Organic Theory: Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) was a British geographer and political scientist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Heartland," which proposes that the control of the interior of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global dominance. Under the UNCLOS, states have the right to explore and exploit the resources of the high seas, subject to certain rules and conditions. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. Types of Borders: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter Ratzel is known for his work on the concept of Lebensraum, which he developed in his book "Political Geography" (1897). The term high sea means two things: 1) No state can legally impose its rule on any part of the water and 2) Every part of the sea outside a territorial boundary is a high sea. If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. June 01, 2013. Its area extends to 200 nautical miles from its coastline to the external maritime territories. They do not create or further the extent of an EEZ. These disputes can arise over islands, border regions, or other areas that are perceived to have strategic or economic value. The classic example of a prorupted state is Thailand. Artem has a doctor of veterinary medicine degree. This can become an issue with straight baselines as States may try to classify large bays as internal waters to project maritime boundaries out further and control overflight access. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. In order to expand, China seized one of the island chains called the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974. Territorial Sea = 12 miles of sovereignty away from coast Voting Boundaries in the US Districts set up based on population data from the census But lots has been done to mess with these boundaries in order to benefit different political parties gerrymandering = changing voting boundaries based on race, voting patterns, class, etc Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. The law of the sea ensures proper behavior of vessels using the ocean to better each nation's economy. A fragmented state is a state that __________. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EEZs of States worldwide constitute 38% of the oceans of earth that were considered part of the high seas prior to adoption of the LOSC. 200 . 2023. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Located between the eastern and western halves of Libya, the Libyan government under Muammar Gadhafi in the 1970s attempted to draw a straight baseline across the Gulf of Sidra and declare it as internal waters. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. 0 plays. An elongated state is a state that is long and narrow. However, there are ongoing controversies around the world over the definition of those features and the zones they should produce. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Heartland Theory: Nicholas Spykman (1893-1943) was an American diplomat and strategic thinker who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Rimland," which proposes that the control of the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) is the key to global dominance. Boundaries can be a source of conflict or tension, particularly when there are disputes over their location or when they are used to restrict the movement or rights of certain individuals or groups. Unlike other zones whose existence derived from earlier international law, the EEZ was a creation of the LOSC. This doctrine is no longer used because it had many issues, mainly it increased pollution and plundered natural resources. 7 The second method is to use fixed distances in what is called the Hedberg formula. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically. A state whose economy functions almost completely independently of imports and exports. The CLCS is discussed in more detail in Chapter Eight: The Arctic and the LOSC. answer. Rock is a legal term and does not refer to any particular type of geological formation. Status: Unit 4: Political Organization of Space 5 weeks - OnCourse Systems 0% average accuracy. Coastal states also have sovereign rights to what's known as an exclusive economic zone, a 200-nautical-mile area extending from their coastline that allows these states special rights and privileges over other nations to natural resources, research, and environmental protection. The high seas are a vital component of the global maritime system, and play a role in shaping the balance of power between states. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. This issue is most prevalent in the South China Sea, which is rich in resources and contains many maritime features that may or may not be islands entitled to large EEZs. To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). It established that each country could customarily lay claim to ocean up to three miles off their coast. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Rimland Theory: The Rimland Theory suggests that the control of the rimland is crucial to the exercise of global power and influence. Boundaries can be physical, such as a fence or wall, or they can be conceptual, such as a line on a map or a legal demarcation. This is the primary distinction between internal waters and territorial seas. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. An antecedent boundary is the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society. Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. A c c o m m o d a . A 2,500-meter isobath means a line connecting the 2,500-meter depth of the seabed 10 LOSC, Article 79(1). As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. The United Nations created the law of the sea to avoid conflict over the ocean by establishing laws that cover traditions and treaties. 9th - 12th grade . The LOSC allows a State to conduct economic activities for a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline, or the continental margin where it extends beyond 200 nautical miles. In more recent times, China has built artificial islands in the area to help further its claims to large areas of sea. The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. Governments and other political actors may seek to defend their territory in order to protect their power and autonomy, and they may use their control of territory as a means of projecting their power and influence beyond their borders. These three areas, collectively known as the continental margin, are rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas and certain minerals. area of sea outside of all territorial seas. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Many wars have been started by landlocked countries seeking to carve a path to the ocean through another country's territory. jusinskij_54591. 166 lessons Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 - StudyStack Map created by NOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water. The Law of the Sea sets regulations for countries to follow concerning use of the ocean. It also allows the coastal State to build artificial islands, installations, and structures. It was written by Hugo Grotius, a prominent lawyer, philosopher, and politician. Medford, MA 02155 USA Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. Spykman's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. - National Ocean Service, Maritime Zones and Boundaries - NOAA Office of General Counsel, Federal Government Releases New Strategies to Advance Ocean Exploration, Website Satisfaction Survey Territorial sea: for coastal states, the territorial sea can extend up to 12 nautical miles (13.81 mi/22km) from the shoreline, with complete sovereignty of all the sea's resources, including seabed and subsoil, as well as the airspace directly above it. Political power and territoriality can also be closely related in the sense that the control of territory can be used as a way of asserting or defending political power. An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea zone over which a state has the right to exploit, conserve, and manage the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the seabed, subsoil, and water column. This map shows the boundaries of the U.S. EEZ, outlined in yellow, as well as deep and shallow water areas of the U.S. EEZ that have not been mapped as of January 2020. Spykman argued that the dominant power in the rimland would be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? According to Halford Mackinders Heartland Theory, a government that controls this region is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. Copy and Edit. The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. Law of the Sea - Study.com Territorial Sea. The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). Broadly speaking, for purposes of international law, a territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity.In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. Privacy Policy AP Human Geography Unit 4. It proposes that the "rimland," the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass), is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's sea power. There are some theories that aim to explain this. An antecedent boundary may come to be more relevant in the future if people begin to settle in the area; this is what happened with the boundary between the United States and Canada in Oregon. Most contemporary geographers disagreed with him. Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. The Organic Theory, also known as the Theory of Lebensraum, was developed by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in the late 19th century. Spykman argued that the rimland, which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. Geography. Disclaimer states' territory extending 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles) from the coast . AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means outside of and the prefix "en-" means inside of. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Disputes can be resolved in a number of ways, including through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration. . Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast. Boundary disputes between private landowners: Boundary disputes can also occur between private landowners, particularly in cases where the location of property lines is unclear or in dispute. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces in Geopolitics, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. Territorial sea - definition of territorial sea by The Free Dictionary In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. Share. An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. Even small islands, such as the Spratly Islands, which total 1.5 square miles in size, can project hundreds of square nautical miles of exclusive economic control over the South China Sea. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. The. Other rights and duties provided for under international law. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n) __________. They are also an important source of food, minerals, and other resources, and are home to a diverse array of marine life. Geography of Denmark. What is the difference between a nautical mile and a knot? NOAAs National Ocean Service. Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide Flashcards | Quizlet According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper.