southwest 345 ntsb reportsouthwest 345 ntsb report

The aircraft, a Boeing 737-700, was last inspected July 18, 2013. The first officer reported that, after the captain took control of the airplane, he scanned the altimeter and airspeed to gain situational awareness but that he became distracted by the runway "rushing" up to them and "there was no time to say anything.". [12] The plane was descending at 960ft/min (4.9m/s) in a nose-down position when its nose wheel struck the runway. a preliminary report is available online within a few days of an accident. << Southwest Airlines Flight 345 was a scheduled flight from Nashville International Airport, Tennessee, to New York City 's LaGuardia Airport. NTSB investigating accident involving nose-gear collapse of SWA 737 at LGA. At that time, the overhaul process included a fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) to detect cracks; however, the crack was not detected for unknown reasons. CRM is a threat identification and management strategy that is only as good as the people using it. Use of the Southwest websites and our Company It won't be flying again", "NTSB Issues Investigative Update into Southwest Flight 345 Accident at LaGuardia Airport in New York", "Accident description (Type: Boeing 737-7H4 (WL), Operator: Southwest Airlines, Registration: N753SW)", "Accident: Southwest B737 at New York on Jul 22nd 2013, nose gear collapse on landing", "Landing gear punched into Southwest 737 jet on landing, NTSB says", "Flight's nose gear collapses as it lands at New York's LaGuardia", "Southwest jet's landing gear collapses on landing, injuring 10", "N753SW Southwest Airlines Boeing 737-700", "Pilots Didn't Want to Fly With Capt. PDF National Transportation Safety Board - NTSB >> The following are excerpts from the report. After reaching the airplane structure (the inlet attach ring, which was secured to the engine fan case A1 flange), the deformation generated large loads that resulted in local damage to the inlet. Southwest Plane's Nose Gear Landed, NTSB Says - ABC News This damage then propagated forward and aft, severing the three latch assemblies that joined the inboard and outboard halves of the fan cowl, which caused large portions of both fan cowl halves to separate and depart the airplane. National Transportation Safety Board 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594. The Aviation Safety Network is an exclusive service provided by: Southwest Airlines flight 345, a Boeing 737-700, suffered a nose gear collapse during a hard landing on runway 4 at New York-LaGuardia Airport (LGA), USA. The format and type of data contained in the earlier briefs may differ from later reports. if the FO was going to turn her in to her chief pilot. If you've already registered, sign in. [11][12] The NTSB discovered that Flight 345's captain had been the subject of multiple complaints by first officers who had flown with her. All Rights Reserved. If this crash was indeed caused or exacerbated by a Captain who was known by the company to have deficiencies in command skills, that is NOT a CRM issue, it's a MANAGEMENT issue. NTSB: Southwest jet landed nose first at LaGuardia - YouTube Investigation Details What Happened On April 17, 2018, about 1103 eastern daylight time, Southwest Airlines (SWA) flight 1380, a Boeing 737-7H4, N772SW, experienced a left engine failure while climbing through flight level 320 en route to the flight's assigned cruise altitude. The report said that flight crew's performance was indicative of poor crew resource management. >> Get Alerts. >> to query help for limitations of location information. Southwest Airlines flight 345 landed at New York's LaGuardia at 5:40 PM Eastern Monday evening from Nashville. The NTSB update on Flight 345 was consistent with earlier . << Want to receive some free swag from Christine? One fan cowl part that was recovered after the accident was the inboard fan cowl aft latch keeper. Learn more. /Type /Page The process, called a bid avoidance, is not unique to Southwest. ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-3H4 N387SW Charleston, WV A summary of her three-hour interview with the NTSB investigators says, the captain considered doing a go-around and that by the book, it would have been. Flight 345 from Nashville, Tenn., skidded off the runway Monday and came to rest on its nose after the front landing gear crumpled. Congressional and Regulatory Correspondence. +,3R$mwgok5wZ Q WbII|yDtha%Izun7IxC`pr;Ht{-1+. The crack on the fan blade involved in the PHL accident was also not detected during the on-wing fan blade visual inspections (subsequent to the overhaul) that were conducted as part of fan blade relubrications, which CFM recommended to maintain the fan blade loads within the predicted range and prevent wear on the fan disk and the fan blade dovetail coating. This is a classic example of "If the Pilots are alive, hang hhem. for dates before 1993, cases under revision, or where NTSB did not have primary Southwest has resumed full operations at LaGuardia. << On July 22, 2013, the Boeing 737 operating the route suffered a front landing gear collapse while landing at LaGuardia Airport, injuring 9 people on board. << Most reports focus on a single accident, though the NTSB also produces reports addressing issues common to a set [12] Analyzing flight recorder data, the NTSB determined that the captain had changed the airplane's flaps from 30 degrees to 40 degrees at an altitude of only 500ft (150m). The separated fan blade impacted the engine fan case and fractured into multiple fragments. Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 was a Boeing 737-700 that experienced a contained engine failure in the left CFM56-7B engine after departing from New York-LaGuardia Airport en route to Dallas Love Field on April 17, 2018. Following the Southwest Airlines (SWA) flight 2294 event, on September 3, 2009, Boeing issued Service . The flight had departed from LaGuardia Airport, Queens, New York, about 30 minutes earlier. Call them arrogant, call them as-s as my friend did, whatever you call them, they are pilots for whom communication and collaboration better known as crew resource management, did not take root and flourish. (202) 314-6100, NTSB Issues 7 Safety Recommendations Based on Findings from Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 Investigation, WASHINGTON (Nov. 19, 2019) The National Transportation Safety Board determined during a public board meeting held Tuesday that a fractured fan blade, Left Engine Failure and Subsequent Depressurization, Southwest Airlines Flight 1380, Boeing 737-7H4, N772SW, National Transportation Safety Board 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594. I would think space would be a problem. << /Contents 6 0 R 0 The late transfer of control resulted in neither pilot being able to effectively monitor the airplane's altitude and attitude. WestJet Denies Close Call Caught on Camera at St. Maarten. Both the obtained flight data and the available video record have the nose gear making contact with the ground before the main landing gear did, which is the opposite order from the normal landing sequence. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The Crash Landing of Southwest 345 - Nick Bradbury /Parent 5 0 R NTSB Issues Final Report On Southwest 1380 Accident - AVweb This impact led to the in-flight separation of fan cowl components, including the inboard fan cowl aft latch keeper, which struck the fuselage near a cabin window and caused the window to depart from the airplane, the cabin to rapidly depressurize, and the passenger fatality.. [15], The Boeing 737 involved in the accident, worth an estimated $15.5 million at the time, was found to be too extensively damaged to be repaired and was written off as a total loss. 1h 55m. /Filter /FlateDecode From a United pilot comes this troubling comment, I A management issue? ]kGkDjr7 wT^$ J/|V+1=uAo|r{o;dSa)7i{sqpl Q DCA18MA142.aspx - NTSB /Annots 7 0 R Southwest Airlines Flight 345's nose gear "collapsed rearward," NTSB Reports provide details about the accident, Vol Eastern Air Lines 66 Wikipdia Southwest One Report ; Responsibility. The captain of Southwest Flight 345, whose nose gear was broken while landing at LaGuardia Airport in New York last month, took control of the aircraft from his co-pilot when the plane was. [16][17] The accident represents the third hull loss of a Boeing 737-700. .'JNKfc_/*wFnM@1w6A,:yGqSr 5rx&P23G!&t8`4 Sb EUx_`HC7[A. NTSB recommends changes following fatal Southwest accident. The NTSB has released its preliminary report from that accident, which occurred on February 5, 2016, at about 1157 mountain standard time. Three passengers and five crew members were injured during Southwest Airlines Flight 345's landing when the plane's front landing gear appeared to collapse, sending its nose into the runway. 16 Innominate11 10 yr. ago The regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight was operating under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 121 with a destination of Dallas Love Field, Dallas, Texas. a Boeing 737-700, was last inspected July 18, 2013. Three Customers and five Crew Members were transported to local hospitalsall have been treated and released. ECIs at the time of overhaul or ultrasonic inspections at the time of fan blade relubrication identified 15 blade cracks on separate engines (as of August 2019)., Congressional and Regulatory Correspondence. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-3T5, registration N668SW, [2] came to rest on a city street adjacent to a gas station. NTSB has stated that he was 2 degrees nose up 4 seconds to impact, but 3 degrees nose down on first touch, so he actually came in on the nose gear first, which resulted in collapse. /CS0 2 0 R ", Nashville International Airport, TN (BNA/KBNA), New York-La Guardia Airport, NY (LGA/KLGA), Jet bound for scrap (Times Union, 29-1-2014), Accident investigation report completed and information captured. with up to three captains without the necessity of providing any reason for f)zL9q/+E.'6'p*zbA# R205R={"VBWAEt~si[\=D M?Xfz%0Af[Yaw,KH)QLjL@+ %`ZUjNY ^;W6 2PFCf% 7UM,C2p mhOr)d)j-&pa5xDWxPoTEJkkB`;%I jaC`FlBEJ /eQDvB9jl]g:Nb^ynNOU@jmSc2x: zyse+ 2023 Christine Negroni. Additionally, line operations safety audit data presented at the International Air Safety Summit in 2011 suggested that 97% of unstabilized approaches were continued to landing even though doing so was in violation of airlines' standard operating procedures. >> 6 0 obj The airplane was powered by two General Electric/SNECMA CFM-56-3B1 engines. Last week the plane my family and I were traveling on crash landed. Airborne 04.28.23: Taylor Award!, Sonex Dual-Stick, NetJets Sued, Airborne-Flight Training 04.27.23: DSU Expands, School Planes Destroyed, Allegiant, Airborne 04.26.23: Aldrin Promoted, PS Engineering, Gustnado v Flt School, 2007 - 2023 Web Development & Design by Pauli Systems, LC, NTSB Releases Probable Cause Finding On Southwest Airlines Flight 345, ANN's Daily Aero-Term (04.28.23): Circle-To-Land Maneuver, ANN's Daily Aero-Term (04.29.23): Lost Communications. The NTSB determined that the captain's failure to take control until the plane had descended to only 27ft (8.2m) "did not allow her adequate time to correct the airplane's deteriorating energy state and prevent the nose landing gear from striking the runway. Safety is the business of the Accountable Manager and the Accountable manager needed to speak, think and act BEFORE the accident, not now, when it has already occured. On Jan. 8, 2001, dynamic access to the accident data repository was implemented. [13] The NTSB's investigation became focused on the behavior of the flight crew during Flight 345's approach into LaGuardia Airport. Overnight, the aircraft was removed from the runway. Since the time that the CFM56-7B engine and the Boeing 737-700 airplane were certificated (in December 1996 and December 1997, respectively), new technologies and analytical methods have been developed that will better predict the interaction of the engine and airframe during an FBO event and the response of the inlet, fan cowl, and associated airplane structures. The National Transportation Safety Board says Boeing needs to make the engine covers on its 737 NGs . On Oct. 2, 2001, minor cases which do not fall under the definition of "accident" or "incident" were removed from the database; these entries were previously identified with "SA" in the accident number. management is being purposefully ignored or simply misunderstood. ntsb The nose landing gear of Southwest Flight 345, which had a very rough landing at NYC's LaGuardia Airport Monday afternoon, hit the ground before the plane's main gear did, the National . Most reports focus on a single accident, though the NTSB also produces reports addressing issues common to a set of similar accidents. At the time of the accident, the airplane had 48,748 total hours with 39,786 total cycles. Contributing to the accident was the captain's failure to comply with standard operating procedures. /Parent 11 0 R /Kids [12 0 R 1 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R] An ECI has a higher sensitivity than an FPI and can detect cracks at or near the surface (unlike an FPI, which can only detect surface cracks). Foreshadowing things to come, the shrapnel from that engine explosion hit the fuselage at high speed leaving a large gouge and came dangerously close to hitting the cabin windows. /BaseFont /Arial-BoldMT According to a preliminary NTSB report, the pilots thought the lighted runway was 28L not theirs and they aimed their. 2013 aviation incident in New York City, US, "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report", "Remember that Southwest Airlines jet that slid down the runway? civil aviation accidents and selected incidents within the United Boeing says it's working on fix. Southwest Airlines Flight 345 . The line between the airports does. You must be a registered user to add a comment. Enter for a Chance to Win the Breathtaking Beats Sweepstakes, Three Days Only: Southwest Launches Limited-Time Promotional Companion Pass Offer, What to Watch on Your Southwest Flight in April, Say Aloha to Imua One, an Aircraft Dedicated to Our Employees and the People of Hawaii. Southwest flight landed nose first at LaGuardia, NTSB says hmo0?n_8T!-]C Z'!>dH!AIu~>;Z^}w~|_n[Kr -IW6t2"gJDHYDjk:,v*F!aJFCzVeX.QLT}9Nu$F1U:yV.Lajo3+LH `T5? f;XEitD}a&2NpSV9Rk6N| om=jRY0/$^=EPQzY lULtnC2~'.rj r"^;9mqq:JnO('/aN,V4xYBH5K#tM!9m[!@jjC[K]yxS')pdp40iQGC*d7\4(x COGnBcBxjvZ"}C tci-z). Generally, ", The basic issue is, why is this being talked about AFTER an accident? 16 7 WUj "Kgh_@7HB@YA6qNDwFGrel*,w`*@[18RUy.h+`3_5r9A.*@bDzP_'$4/(\`JW 2*\zs=k 1I~8ZU|D^j,']Z`39T2Z{ym#0xb^ Edit: additional info, they stated that there was a flap adjustment from 30 to 40 degrees 56 seconds out. /TT0 4 0 R Required fields are marked *. GROUP A group was convened on July 26, 2013. Of the 144 passengers and 5 crewmembers on board, 8 sustained minor injuries, and the airplane was substantially damaged. Factual information is added when available, and when the investigation is The NTSB aviation accident database contains information from 1962 and later about treasure trove of information about whether crew resource Reports provide details about the accident, analysis of the factual data, conclusions and the probable cause of the accident, and the related safety recommendations. [12], The first officer, who was 44 years old, had 20 years of prior experience in the United States Air Force and had been hired by Southwest Airlines a year and a half before the accident.[12]. Brandy King, a spokeswoman for the airline explained as part of its labor contract with pilots, first officers can express a preference not to fly %%EOF After the August 2016 FBO event, CFM developed an on-wing ultrasonic inspection technique that could be performed at the time of fan blade relubrication. The airplane was equipped with two CFM International CFM56-7B24 turbofan engines. Southwest Airlines flight 345, a Boeing 737-700, suffered a nose gear collapse during a hard landing on runway 4 at New York-LaGuardia Airport (LGA), USA. Theyre qualified but not adaptable, to create and execute a shared view of a successful flight. Southwest Airlines Newsroom PDF A Aircraft Accident Brief - NTSB Get started here. analysis of the factual data, conclusions and the probable cause of the accident, and the related safety recommendations. ($1&r/helkpfxi}HV5~aatiWl|6K;T;yn` *d@p~Y i[EWU7X](vwvO/Tl'Bde>(?>dDt -{A\ R!Ude~.O9WcGr b=Jd! :iU=dfb$aN((Z3d([^9uBf75]F~;L}G$@. Southwest Airlines flight 345 landed at New Yorks LaGuardia at 5:40 PM Eastern Monday evening from Nashville. [1][2] The aircraft, which was worth an estimated $15.5 million at the time, was written off and scrapped as a result of the accident. Delta Retaliated Against Pilot By Sending Her to Shrink Judge Rules, Irony of Pilot Laying Blame On Pilots in Boeing 737 Max Disasters. She did not think the line pilots were against having the culture changed. /Widths [750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 350 556 350 278 556 500 1000 556 556 333 1000 667 333 1000 350 611 350 350 278 278 500 500 350 556 1000 333 1000 556 333 944 350 500 667 278 333 556 556 556 556 280 556 333 737 370 556 584 333 737 552 400 549 333 333 333 576 556 333 333 333 365 556 834 834 834 611 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 278 278 278 278 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 584 778 722 722 722 722 667 667 611 556 556 556 556 556 556 889 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 278 278 611 611 611 611 611 611 611 549 611 611 611 611 611 556 611 556] document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Investigating the Worlds Most Mysterious Air Disasters, Why the Experts Failed to Prevent the TWA Flight 800 Disaster and How It Could Happen Again, I am a journalist, a published author, speaker and broadcaster specializing in aviation and travel. Investigation Report - NTSB There were 150 people on board including Customers and Crew. The NTSB tonight released the details of the last few seconds of Southwest flight 345, confirming that the Boeing 737 did indeed land nosegear first. /TT1 3 0 R /LastChar 255 Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Airlines_Flight_345&oldid=1142966688, Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Next Generation, Airliner accidents and incidents in New York City, Southwest Airlines accidents and incidents, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Transportation Safety Board, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Landing gear collapse on landing due to pilot error. /Count 5 [11] At the time of the accident, she had a total of 12,000 hours of flight time, including 2,600 flight hours as captain of a Boeing 737. In some instances, the air traffic control (ATC) transcript indicates times that are different from those in the CVR transcript. As the airplane was on final approach, the captain, who was the pilot monitoring, realized that the flaps were not configured as had been briefed, with a setting of 40 degrees for the landing. ** - Do not use these fields as selection parameters if your date range includes pre-1982 dates, as they did not exist prior to 1982 and their use may falsely limit the data returned. Southwest is working with both the NTSB and Boeing in a preliminary investigation of this event. . Metallurgical examinations of the fractured fan blade found that the crack had likely initiated before the fan blade sets last overhaul in October 2012. Every airline has the kind of pilot, best described in Skygods, Robert Gandts book on the collapse of aviation giant, Pan Am. [12] At 100200ft (3061m), the captain observed that the plane was still above the glide slope, and ordered the first officer to "get down" instead of aborting the landing. On Sept. 18, 2002, data from 1962-1982 were added to the aviation accident information. [4] The aircraft's nose gear collapsed upward into the body of the aircraft, causing substantial damage to the avionics electronics bay in the fuselage. Southwest Airlines Flight 345 - Wikipedia NTSB: FedEx plane was only 150 feet off ground when disaster was The Southwest FOM also states that the captain can take control of the airplane for safety reasons; however, the captain's decision to take control of the airplane at 27 ft above the ground did not allow her adequate time to correct the airplane's deteriorating energy state and prevent the nose landing gear from striking the runway. NTSB Releases Preliminary Report In From Fatal P-51D Accident | Aero 1 0 obj << The opt-out practice at Southwest is part of the pilot labor agreement. The NTSB says the nose gear hit the ground first when a Southwest jet crash-landed at LaGuardia Airport. Southwest Airlines records indicate that the accident 1Unless otherwise indicated, all times in this report are PST, based on a 24-hour clock, and are taken from the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcript. /Subtype /TrueType %PDF-1.5 but there was no leadership to support the change. >> The left engine failure occurred when one of the fan blades fractured at its root (referred to as a fan-blade-out [FBO] event). Privacy Policy. /Font Otherwise, register and sign in. PDF Aviation Accident Final Report National Transportation Safety Board The airplane touched down at a descent rate of 960 ft per minute and a nose-down pitch attitude of -3.1 degrees, resulting in the nose gear contacting the runway first and a hard landing. << The airplane landed safely at PHL about 17 minutes after the engine failure occurred. Corporate Citizenship . I think a distintion should be made though. r/aviation on Reddit: Onboard video landing of Southwest 345 [14][15] Neither pilot was publicly identified by the airline. It is not hard to imagine this accident being tagged with the dreaded pilot error, but the way this particular captain presumably made other subordinate pilots feel on the flight deck, should not be discounted as unique. On July 22, . One captain, actively degraded you personally throughout the entire flight, second guessing every decision you did. In the second instance, the senior pilot was intentionally non compliant. It is preliminary and is based on the facts as they are known at this time. Southwest Airlines Flight 1455 was a scheduled passenger flight from McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, Nevada, to Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport, Burbank, California, that overran the runway during landing on March 5, 2000. The aircraft came to rest 19 seconds after touchdown. The airplane came to a stop on the right side of the runway centerline about 2,500 ft from its initial touchdown. Such accidents will continue to happen unless we can think beyond the Pilots. 16-Apr-2023. As a result of the engine failure, the flight crew conducted an emergency descent and diverted to Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. endobj NTSB . Pilots Didn't Want to Fly With Capt. Who Crash-Landed SW Flight 345 More from CNN at http://www.cnn.com/video/ Southwest Airlines flight 345 landed at New York's LaGuardia at 5:40 PM Eastern Monday evening from Nashville. NTSB : Status: Investigation completed: Duration: 1 year and 1 months: Accident number: DCA09FA065: Download report: Summary report: Classification: Forced landing on runway. recalcitrant pilots are not remediated by management. Southwest Airlines says giving first officers the ability to decline to fly with captains does not require them to declare the reason, which is a shame since Southwest and every other airline doing this could be sitting on a investigative responsibility. Sources: NTSB Soutwest Airlines. stream When the airplane was between 100 to 200 ft altitude, it was above the glideslope. About 150 people were aboard the Boeing 737, and 16 passengers . The accident airplane, a Boeing 737-3H4, N632SW (serial number 27707 and line number 2799), was manufactured on May 22, 1996, and delivered new to Southwest Airlines on June 13, 1996. /FontDescriptor 9 0 R /LastChar 255 The flight landed safely without incident at Pensacola International Airport at 9:40 a.m. central time . NTSB Releases Probable Cause Finding On Southwest Airlines Flight 345 Generally, a preliminary report is available online within a few days of an accident. Pilot change in Southwest 345 landing is unusual, aviation - CNN The forward-traveling fan blade fragments and the deformation compromised the structural integrity of the inlet, causing portions of the inlet to depart the airplane. Indicates external site which may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. issue was the culture. According to FDR data, after the captain took control, the control column was relaxed to a neutral position and the throttles were not advanced until about 1 second before touchdown. Sign up for the mailing list! [3] The aircraft was ultimately removed from LaGuardia Airport via barge to the Port of Albany (New York) in November 2013, where the airframe was broken up by a salvage dealer at the Port of Albany in March 2014, with some parts trucked to Owego for final destruction. These loads caused cracks to form in the fan cowl skin and frames near the radial restraint fitting. With the NTSB involved, does the plane need to stay at the airport for a certain time for investigation? There are certain people who should not be flying 13, which resulted in the fan blade separating in flight and impacting the engine fan case at a location that was critical to the structural integrity and performance of the fan cowl structure. A review of NTSB-investigated accidents by human factors researchers found that about 75% of accidents were the result of plan continuation errors in which the crew continued an approach despite cues that suggested it should not be continued. Accident data suggest that pilots often fail to perform a go-around or missed approach when stabilized approach criteria are not met. The left side of the fuselage near the location of the missing cabin window (row 14) had impact damage and witness marks that were consistent with the size and shape of the inboard fan cowl aft latch keeper and surrounding structure. /Length 2579 /Resources (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[3]='MMERGE3';ftypes[3]='text';fnames[1]='SOURCE';ftypes[1]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); Your email address will not be published.