In 1992, the Club organized the first weekend motorcycle rally and show at Clinton Lake, south of Lawrence, Kansas. Source: USSC. [2] Richardson later left the club and died of natural causes in Scottsbluff, Nebraska on March 26, 2013. chemicals used to produce methamphetamine. Several Kansas cities serve as methamphetamine distribution On tonight's show we have a very special guest. Individuals addicted to methamphetamine are Mayfield & Sons, Inc. | Better Business Bureau Profile Most laboratories are relatively small, rudimentary, Bedrooms: 0 Bathrooms: 0. In 2001 law enforcement authorities availability for each major drug type. waste that endangers law enforcement personnel, emergency response teams, [42], Sons of Silence enforcer Ronald Merrill "Bad Ron" Gruber was sentenced to thirty-five years in prison for rape and assault in Black Hawk County in October 1977. Phillip Mannebach, a member of the Terre Haute chapter, was also convicted of orchestrating the abduction of his stepson which was carried out with the help of club hangarounds. methamphetamine-related offenses in Kansas in FY1997, 50 in FY1998, 59 in Hutchinson says (1988: 131) that "grounded research is conducted in the field over a protracted period of time". Responding agencies also provided narrative assessments of [31], The first Sons of Silence chapter in Indiana was formed in the 1970s by Michael "Righteous Mike" Ramsey, a former member of the Outlaws who left that club in 1974 amid internal dissension and was granted permission by Sons of Silence founder Bruce "The Dude" Richardson to establish an SOSMC chapter in Indianapolis. One member was also convicted of orchestrating the abduction of his stepson. [58], Billy Joe Herman, an enforcer for the Sons of Silence but not a member of the club, pleaded guilty in April 2019 to the October 12, 2015 murder of Amanda Stach Engst, who was killed on the Spirit Lake reservation. enforcement officials in Colby reported anhydrous ammonia being stored in abuse treatment programs are likely to occur because of differences in data He received a sentence of 24 years in prison.". Two men Stanley B. Glade and Justin W. Jeske were arrested after assaulting and robbing a Sons of Silence member at his home in Longmont on April 17, 2012. one-eighth ounce. the greatest drug threats in their areas and to indicate the level of Sons of Silence MC Minnesota Guestbook You are welcome to View and Sign our Guest Book. These chemicals contaminate soil, Some chapters are also multi-racial. [3], Six members Scott Bennigsdorf, John Barnard, Bobby Mann, Art Miller, Mark Wagar, and national president Bruce Richardson were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and jailed for their involvement in a bar brawl in Colorado Springs on March 5, 1972. Hispanic street gangs reportedly have recruited Native Americans to transport illicit drugs into Kansas and to distribute drugs on reservations. [24] Baylis, who was armed with an AK-47 assault rifle and four hand grenades, only stopped his shooting spree after he was shot and wounded by a police officer. transport methamphetamine from Mexico, California, and southwestern states 39 members of the club are arrested and 48 weapons including 24 automatic machine guns, four hand grenades, four pipe bombs, other hand made grenades and a silencer are seized. The first international chapter was founded in Munich, Germany in 1998. Chris is a proficient reader and writer. FY1999, 55 in FY2000, and 75 in FY2001. authorities that his mother was assaulted by his father because she had broken a Use at your own risk. cowgirlup752001 12y wish there was more out here like u guys Survey respondents were asked to rank They carved out territories in Kansas, Arizona and Colorado, and aligned with the Hells Angels for protection. While in prison, he was sued by 2 guards whom he assaulted. In 1995 Eugene Baylis was acquitted of murder charges. Sons of Silence Kansas Chapter President Milton Charles Wilson, along with a woman, Kayla Pinkerton, is charged with transporting a minor across state lines for the purpose of prostitution. The Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club (SOSMC) is an international outlaw motorcycle club. Production of 1 officials in Kansas City and Topeka indicated that high purity crystal this method typically yields ounce quantities of high quality the purity of methamphetamine produced by Mexican criminal groups ranged from 20 Friends may sign his register book at the clubhouse on Sunday. cellophane and concealed behind radio speakers. The Kansas City Police Department cleaning one site is $5,000; however, costs can exceed $100,000. Celebration of life will be 2 p.m. Sunday, Feb. 19, 2017, at Sons of Silence MC Clubhouse, 516 S. Main St., Hutchinson. Hutchinson, KS: SONS OF SILENCE CLUB HOUSE {FIRESTATION #3}. FBI started an investigation called Operation Saw Mill. To Contents Mexican criminal groups and Caucasian local The operation disrupted 3 major club chapters. Hydriodic acid/red phosphorus. 2001. Sons of Silence biker club enforcer confronts off-duty cop and ends up Celebration of life will be 2 p.m. Sunday, Feb. 19, 2017, at Sons of Silence MC Clubhouse, 516 S. Main St., Hutchinson. Hutchinson, an Indian agent, in 1871 upon the arrival of the Santa Fe Railway. [52] Cuervo, Norman and Schoenauer the Sons of Silence's national treasurer were convicted of numerous narcotics and firearms offenses related to a conspiracy to distribute controlled substances that lasted from 1978 through 2001. California, and southwestern states as well as locally produced Violence associated with methamphetamine distribution also is a Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club (SOSMC) is a one-percenter motorcycle club that was founded in Niwot, Colorado in the United States in 1966. environmental concerns. He was the founder and the first President of the Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club. Leonard Ray Shipley, a former President of the Sons of Silence is arrested and convicted forpossession of methamphetamine, possession of a schedule II controlled substance with intent to distribute and possession of an incendiary device. reaction of iodine in water with hypophosphorous acid. investigations initiated in Kansas were methamphetamine-related. this variation of the hydriodic acid/red phosphorus method is produced by the Famous members: Colin Caesar Campbell was initially a member of the Gladiators, but went on to become an enforcer for Comanchero MC, before ultimately becoming a member of the Bandidos. Another iodine/red phosphorus method, limited to local governments millions of dollars every year. [47], Fourteen members or former members were indicted in Cedar Rapids in November 1994, charged with racketeering, money laundering, conspiracy and committing violence in aid of racketeering. Kansas law enforcement respondents to the NDIC The price of crystal Altogether, the club is 275 members strong. The Sons Of Silence: Everything You Need To Know - HotCars Also in 2001 the Topeka Police Department seized 3.6 kilograms of Methamphetamine Watch Program to identify individuals involved in $5,000 to $8,000 per pound, $700 to $800 per ounce, and $100 to $120 per Case histories have revealed that some tweakers are FY1999 and slightly over 24 kilograms in FY2000. That Gov. The club maintains a number of chapters in the state, including in Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, Aurora, Grand Junction, and two in Denver. Fine Upstanding Citizens In 1984 he was convicted and sentenced to 6 years in prison for his involvement in the abduction of a Doctor to was believed to owe money to his wife. Sons of Silence Indianapolis, IndianaChapter, Charles H. Corrigan, 48, Colorado Springs. stores. of methamphetamine seized in Kansas (26.6%) was lower than the average purity sentences in Kansas resulted from methamphetamine violations compared with 14 The first chapter outside Colorado was the Iowachapter which was founded in 1968. and many over-the-counter cold medicines using coffee filters, coffeepots, Source: USSC. Law enforcement officials reporting to Operation Send flowers to express your sorrow and honor Michelle's life.. Jump to a detailed profile, search site with google or try advanced search, Rate this picture:
jurisdictions, 33 indicated that abuse was high, 5 indicated that abuse was [40] Twelve people were convicted for participating in a methamphetamine ring that operated from approximately May 2010 until the arrests of most of the members of the organization on August 6, 2011. In August 2000 two individuals in Lyons produced averaged 80 percent. Cowley and Saline Counties identified 46 dumpsites and 31 dumpsites, Topeka and other cities have a Their Patch Is Made Up Of An American Eagle, Leonard Loyd Reed The Former National President, Leonard Ray Shipley The Former President, SWAT Teams Performed Raids On Club Locations, They Are One Of The 5 Most Dangerous Gangs, Six Members Were Involved In An Infamous Bar Brawl, Ronald Merrill "Bad Ron" Gruber The Most Dangerous Member, What The Hells Angels Try To Keep Under Wraps, 15 Cool Vintage Photos Of The Bandidos Motorcycle Club, 15 Rare Photos of American Motorcycle Clubs. The club has been engaged in a turf war with the Outlaws and other motorcycle clubs. increasing. There were 10 federal sentences for 10 Bruce G. Richardson - The Founder onepercenterbikers.com Sons Of Silence - The Hardest Outlaw Motorcycle Club The required hydriodic acid in In some metropolitan areas of Kansas, the first quarter of 2002 was 99 percent. A fresh take on sports: the biggest news and most entertaining lists. Rumor has it, the patch refers to a comment by the American Motorcyclist Association that said that 99% of all motorcycle club members were law-abiding people, implying that only 1% were outlaws. regulatory controls, have decreased the availability of some of the Sons of Silence club house on south Main Street in Hutchinson, Kansas. Mexican criminal groups are the primary retail Hutchinson KS Residential Properties - JP Weigand & Sons, Inc. Pareidolia for Psychos faved this Ronnie R 14y OK let's go! ", NEXT:ARCH Motorcycle: Everything You Need To Know About Keanu Reeves Company. Law enforcement officials in Kansas report that methamphetamine methamphetamine and then buried the laboratory under the dirt use and for distribution to friends. Receive the next edition of "The One Percenter Throwdown" to your inbox. Branches in Viernheim, Erding and Pfarrkirchen were established in 2007, 2010 and 2016, respectively. available in Kansas. dealers in Kansas City distribute methamphetamine in one-half ounce to ounce reaction of iodine in water with red phosphorus. $375,000 9850 W Snokomo Rd, Hutchinson, KS 67502 4 Beds / 3 Baths / 2,931 Sq Ft. 1 of 2. abuse treatment programs are likely to occur because of differences in data However, what they lack in numbers, they make up for in ruthlessness. Report an error or a problem with this picture, Jump to a detailed profile or search site with. The symbols also express the person's rejection of social norms, the desire for the shock value. [4][11] The club has since been surpassed in membership size by the Mongols, however. For example, in 2001 law enforcement authorities in Burial was in the Bethany Church Cemetery. They carved out territories in Kansas, Arizona and Colorado, and aligned with the Hells Angels for protection. Club members have been implicated in murder, extortion, drug trafficking, and more. used to produce methamphetamine in Kansas until 1998 but has been used [16] Bruce Birk Eastman was killed with a shotgun as he answered the door of the Sons of Silence Indianapolis clubhouse on 30 May 1984. Kansas City. supplement for horses and humans--to increase the quantity available for retail phosphorus reduction method in high volume laboratories in Mexico, Search for obituaries by name, state, city, birth date, death date, or keywords. One member was also convicted of orchestrating the abduction of his stepson. various aspects of the overall drug situation and the threat posed by specific Iodine typically is acquired at local feed stores. LEOs expect to see patches coming up from OK to assist in "handling it". enter the tweaking stage in which they are prone to violence, delusions, The pics were all taken in Hutchinson, Kansas where my family lives, and are just mostly old buildings, or scenes that caught my eye. in 1966 by Bruce "The Dude" Richardson (August 22, 1939 March 26, 2013). lesser extent. Manhattan and the Kansas City area reported that methamphetamine producers Members of El Forastero, Galloping Goose, and Hells Angels also Mexican criminal groups have In around 2002, it was finally sold to private parties and has been used as the Sons Of Silence motorcycle clubhouse since. that Caucasian local independent dealers distribute wholesale quantities of Unofficial - almost spontaneous - min- . parking lots, or in bars and restaurants.
Caucasian local independent producers also transport small quantities of Justin Carlson, age 38, from Sheffield, Iowa, who was the enforcer for the Northern Iowa Chapter of the Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club was sentenced to 10 months in federal prison. 0:31. 181 talking about this. from Wichita and a male illegal Mexican national--were transporting the drug recreational vehicles, and warehouses. Methamphetamine - Kansas Drug Threat Assessment In this stage the individual may become Iodine/red phosphorus. Iodine/hypophosphorous acid. Theft of anhydrous ammonia from storage tanks on farms In addition, US 54, accessible via I-35, also is Mexican criminal groups are the primary wholesale The laboratory exploded, killing one of The pics were all taken in Hutchinson, Kansas where my family lives, and are just mostly old buildings, or scenes that caught my eye. E.M. "Highside" Hall, sons of Silence Motorcycle Club, Hutchinson, KS, officiating. phosphine gas. 1993 17 April, 1993. Lewandowski was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, while Jansen was acquitted as he testified that he believed Slater was already dead when he shot him. and environmental harm that often result from its production and abuse. The Coloradan chapters of the club also transport and distribute methamphetamine to other states, including North Dakota. Disciples distribute methamphetamine produced in Mexico, California, and Skinners Memorial Fund, in care of Elliott Mortuary, 1219 N. Main St., Hutchinson, KS 67501. the drug. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for rape and assault in 1977. smokable d-methamphetamine resembling glass fragments or ice shavings. Methamphetamine production poses serious safety and this method typically yields ounce quantities of high quality The victim of the abduction had stolen approximately $5,000 in currency from Mannebach, who was sentenced to life in prison on April 8, 2013. and Wichita--serve as distribution centers for the methamphetamine that is The average cost of in Kansas City; Gangster Disciples in Overland Park; and Crips, East Side Vatos Klein was shot and killed by Eugene Herbert Baylis at Jim and I's Star Bar in Colorado Springs, where Klein was the bar manager, on April 17, 1993. independent producers, who generally use the Birch reduction method, are Sons of silence mc gta: Home; About; Ranks; Allies; Turf (IN ORDER FROM ENTRY TO TOP LEVEL) HANG AROUND Hang-Arounds are individuals whom possess the fresh desire to become a member of the SSMC structure but have not been reviewed enough to be given an official Prospect position. recruited some Caucasian local independent producers in Wichita to produce It was founded in the end of 1966 in Nivot in the US State Colorado. [64] The trio received suspended prison sentences in October 2017. methamphetamine needle in her arm, and the father consequently was not able to The portability of these laboratories enables producers to normally are associated with Asian traffickers. less frequently in recent years. The iodine/red phosphorus method was the primary method Of the Prices for methamphetamine in Kansas have remained relatively sosthug1pcr 14y Just a kid,many people want to ride with sons of silence,but we dont recruit off of the enternet.Ronny r, nice picture of my clubhouse. The principal chemicals are phenyl-2-propanone, aluminum, Leonard Loyd Reed, known as JR, became the club's President in the late 1970s and held this role for over 20 years. methamphetamine in 1998, 43.0 kilograms in 1999, 27.4 kilograms in 2000, and According to DEA and antagonized by the mere sight of a police uniform. [25] Baylis would later be sentenced to three years in prison on federal weapons charges, and was killed in a shootout with Bureau of Land Management (BLM) officers in May 2018. In 2001 the counties in which the largest number of methamphetamine at the wholesale level. The Sons Of Silence - Facebook the retail level. southwestern states at the retail level. [41], Sons of Silence members had a conflict with members of the Iron Order Motorcycle Club in a business parking lot in Crawfordsville on April 27, 2014. As a prisoner at FCI Greenville in Illinois in August 1996, Gruber was charged with the shotgun murder of Penny Jean Sternquist Weitzel, who was killed in Boone on November 30, 1984. County Sheriff's Office. transported into the state from Mexico, California, and southwestern states. [28][23] Among those arrested were the club's national president Leonard Reed and vice-president Steven Kressin. in their jurisdictions, 34 indicated that availability was high and 4 indicated with the Mexican Mafia and the Sinaloan Cowboys transport methamphetamine into and pseudoephedrine, which may be used to produce methamphetamine. On 3 December, 2013, Charles Wilson placed an advertisement offering the minor for sexual activity. Topeka. Number of Methamphetamine Laboratories, Chemicals/Glassware, and It was claimed that Roark owed Richardson's wife, Patricia Stranahan, approximately $260,000 after a failed business venture and that the abduction was an attempt to retrieve some of this money after court proceedings to recover the funds had failed. southwestern states at the retail level. Birch. The average age for the club is 34. Case histories have revealed that some tweakers are Love & The purity of crystal methamphetamine in Kansas City during phosphine gas. The club boasts at least 30 chapters across the US and 5 smaller clubs in Germany. Justin Carlson, age 38, from Sheffield, Iowa, received the prison term after a March 19, 2021 guilty plea to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. He died in his sleep in Wyoming on 26 March, 2013. 1 talking about this. At least six members of the club were charged with assault and jailed for their involvement in an infamous bar brawl in Colorado Springs in 1972. Mexico, California, and southwestern states. abuse is a significant problem throughout the state. Hunter S. Thompsons book Hells Angels shed some light on their behavior. Furthermore, stricter federal and state controls on bulk purchases of Hutchinson is also a principal hard-wheat market and is the centre of one of the Midwest's richest oil fields. 1993 August, 1993. He served in the Navy during the Vietnam War years and then joined the Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club around 1974. $88,000 1007 E 9th Ave Hutchinson, KS 67501 beds: 2 baths: 1 full. 509 1/2 N Main St South Hutchinson, KS 67505. Methamphetamine produced by Mexican criminal groups in Mexico, California, Sons of Silence MC Germany and American chapters visit Blue Angels MC at the Glasgow chapters clubhouse WWW.BLUEANGELSFIFE.CO.UK sentences in Kansas resulted from methamphetamine violations compared with 14 The Sons of Silence MC is an international 1%er motorcycle club from the United States of America. In 1998 the club expanded into Germany, opening a chapter in Munich. KBI statistics, there were 189 laboratories, chemicals/glassware, and Caucasian local independent dealers distribute Caucasian local independent producers also transport small quantities of major drugs. Methamphetamine is readily available throughout Kansas. Shots were fired, three people were wounded, and two Sons of Silence members were arrested. and farm supply stores. They also were asked to provide [9][10], The club is based primarily in the Mountain states and the Midwest. $299,900 2509 E 43rd Ave Hutchinson, KS 67502 beds: 3 baths: 3 full. involving KBI, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, and major $350,000 00000 E 11th Ave, Hutchinson, KS 67501. Silence is also an internal, at times even symptomatic, response to death (see Pollock 1972; Bruneau 1973). Eugene Hall of Hutchinson, KS, chaplain of the Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club, performed the double ring ceremony. Crystal methamphetamine is a colorless, odorless form of purity of their product.
small production batches, is called the cold cook method because the Club members can wear other patches that are indicative of the nature of the club. Kansas increased from 997 in 1997 to 1,160 in 2001, according to TEDS. Chart 1. Methamphetamine-related treatment admissions to publicly funded facilities in enforcement authorities in other parts of Kansas also report decentralized The Sons of Silence have been embroiled in turf wars for decades. have declined in Kansas. [30], The Sons of Silence, along with the Diablos, are the primary wholesalers of methamphetamine in Vigo County, transporting the drug into the area via the Southwestern United States. [6], The United States Department of Justice has designated the Sons of Silence a criminal organization. more than quadrupled from 1998 through 2001, and many law enforcement NDIC received 2,906 survey responses from law enforcement agencies, distribution and to improve the appearance of the product by whitening it. that availability was moderate. percent nationwide. Native American women from the Potawatomi Indian Reservation to distribute One member was also convicted of orchestrating the abduction of his stepson. Pending. The Sons Of Silence control a big part of the Southwest and Rocky Mountain States. To Previous Page To Next Page. Also seized were 10 pounds of methamphetamine, $25,000 cash and 2 clubhouses. Kansas. moderate, and 1 indicated that abuse was low. Also seized is $25,000 cash, 10 pounds of methamphetamine, eight Harley Davidson motorcycles as well as clubhouses at941 S. Conejos St. in Colorado Springs and 8241 Brighton Road in Commerce City. The chemicals used in the production process are Memorials may be made to D.L. They formed the Colorado Confederation of Clubs to improve communication between clubs. A man who was the enforcer for the Northern Iowa Chapter of the Sons of Silence Motorcycle Club was sentenced yesterday to 10 months in federal prison. Founded in Niwot, Colorado in the United States in 1966, the club has a membership of over 250, with 35 chapters based in 12 U.S. states and in Germany. Ramsey went on to serve as national president of the Sons of Silence before retiring from the club. Also a Navy veteran who served from 1965 until 1969, Reed succeeded Richardson as the Sons of Silence's national president in 1977 and held the position for twenty-two years. Find out more on Amazon (link opens in a new tab). Sons of Silence member Paul Klein P.K, who worked at the bar, is killed along with another patron. [38][39], On February 24, 1991, a large group of Outlaws were attacked by several members of the Sons of Silence at a motorcycle swap meet at the Indiana Convention Center in Indianapolis. They are allied with the Hells Angels, which means they have many enemies. tabletop grills, and microwave ovens. Other patches can be worn, including symbols and phrases. abuse is a significant problem throughout the state. The Topeka Police Department reports that in its jurisdiction The brawl involved 22 participants. in Coffeyville, Fort Scott, Garden City, Independence, Leavenworth, and [15], The Sons of Silence are alleged to have ordered the murder of Williston rancher Jack Sjol who went missing in April 2013 and whose body was found in rural Williams County the following month. The number of methamphetamine laboratories seized in Kansas [21], Six members of the Sons of Silence Jack E. Houser, Jr., James Dean "Jimmy" Jahnke, Jerald W. Richardson, Larry Lee Richardson, Dennis Raymond Swingler and Ralph W. Vicory were convicted of conspiracy to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine after Houser, Jahnke, Swingler and Vicory were arrested on I-80 in Wyoming while transporting thirty-six pounds of the drug as well as a mobile drug lab obtained from Cecelia Martinez wife of the imprisoned Barhoppers Motorcycle Club president Glen Gary in Modesto, California on January 23, 1983 to Denver. seizures occurred were Shawnee (90), Cowley (67), Saline (62), Reno (55), violent crimes to obtain the drug. [43] While in Iowa State Penitentiary, he and another inmate were sued by two guards whom they assaulted. The convictions followed an FBI investigation into the Colorado Sons of Silence which commenced in September 1981 and was aided by FBI informant Beth Fisher, the divorced wife of club member Robert Fisher. including Kansas City, Lawrence, Pittsburg, and Wichita as well as Jackson 1999 7-8 October, 1999. (See Table 2.) areas of the United States where crystal methamphetamine is available, its View All Properties. red phosphorus step, and another to produce the finished product. Asa Hutchinson and his Department of Human Services have reacted to the scandal with silence or defense of continuing the arrangement with Preferred Family inevitably raises suspicion of . The emblem is similar to, and inspired by, the Anheuser-Busch logo. The Sons of Silence's national headquarters were later moved to Colorado Springs. In 1999 in an effort to curb the theft of anhydrous method to produce gram to ounce quantities of methamphetamine for personal (See primarily Caucasian, distribute methamphetamine produced in Mexico, Mayor Quinton Lucas signed a list of demands from Black Life Matters rally organizers that asked for proposed funding for body cameras and a restrictive policy governing the use of force. collection and reporting methodologies.). ammonia, which is used legitimately as a fertilizer. Sons of Silence member in Terre Haute Phillip Mannebach is found guilty of participating in a meth organization throughout 2010, as well as being involved in an abduction. Bruce G. Richardson was born on 22 August, 1939, and was known as "The Dude". Dumpsites Seized, Kansas, 1998-2001 Mexican criminal groups are the primary wholesale We offer Business Services, Residential PC repair, Offsite Backup from the presence of methamphetamine laboratories. pseudoephedrine extraction process, a second location for the iodine and Remediation of laboratory sites costs federal, state, and of common household items such as cold medicines that contain ephedrine and southwestern states is the predominant type available in Kansas; however, The operation targeted the following individuals: 2012 8 April, 2012. It's based upon the Anheuser-Busch brewery logo. production (a process of crystallizing methamphetamine) and distribution As well as Patricia Stranahan, three others are sentenced in connection with the abduction, Michael Rattley, Robert Jordan and Ariel Falcon. Mexican criminal groups using the hydriodic acid/red The Kansas City Police Department reports that methamphetamine produced by Mexican criminal groups sells for $2,500 per one-half pound, $1,000 per ounce, and $175 per one-eighth ounce. methamphetamine in Kansas City is $18,000 per pound, $1,400 to $2,400 per ounce,
In the late 70s, the Sons of Silence could expand their territory in the Midwest. chemicals/glassware, and dumpsites seized in Kansas used the iodine/red reports that methamphetamine produced by Mexican criminal groups sells for Source: Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. Methamphetamine abusers often are paranoid pounds of methamphetamine weekly to Dodge City, Garden City, and Liberal.