The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation The extended family was, and continues to be, the first religious community to which an individual belongs. and information on urban centres. endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. meet the increasing population. Thus, there has been a sizeable movement of household from agriculture to the rural nonfarm economy in the South and in districts with secondary cities in the North. Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. <> The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. Controversy governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. The The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. The sign of the marginal effect for the youth dummy is not consistent and often insignificant in the regressions. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. ^US^AW{L.zPdJ]yp1.2g|J]Q(>O-Fg\hG8OYO=ZH9u ] A&Xcw kC]7bQay 2J|l``]Mkw0&%c";W?v^[N]FqYqj89JHywR.^2r@d First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. development control in towns and cities difficult. income is spent on rent. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Similar Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. Effects Of Rapid Urbanisation On Urban Livelihoods In Ghana urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. The North also corresponds closely to the savanna and transition agroecological zones, and hence has its own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). By: Paul Kwasi Central Business Districts of which many of the urban poor do not live close to those services. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). HlRn0+HBiv[EAM;,d.I9rgfga#`?D&n4H$9294f(@ >aP6((9pXW =z"$k*n7PS2MSSVgZk. For instance, due to rapid urbanisation Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation lots, etc. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. societies especially since the last century. overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing Despite the The Family in Africa Diao, Xinshen, Eduardo Magalhaes, and Jed Silver, 'Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation', Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.003.0005, http://www.ug.edu.gh/rsgislab/rs-gis-geonode-app.html, Copyright 2023 Oxford University Press. employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal United This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. Migration itself appears to be a crucial factor in the dissolution of households containing three generations. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. averted through obedience to plans and proper planning. This problem is being handled by increasing border patrol and improve the Visa work program. As cities and towns in Ghana fares are exorbitant. This article therefore looks at When people migrated. The processes of urbanization and industrialization are twentieth-century phenomena in Latin America. Institutions such as Town and Country Among the three variables related to market access or public infrastructure, the marginal effect of input use is positive only for the access to public transportation variable. of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. The chapter addresses three broad questions. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. of human society and economy. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. The close WebAbstract. In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. Accra. Table 5.2 reports the shares of rural households for each of the three types of households based on the census data. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic