which of the following was a progressive era reform

Political and Social Reforms - CliffsNotes [263] In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt died and Wilson's health collapsed, leaving a void in top leadership. There were 2.4million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing. By the early 1920s, a consensus had been reached that the total influx of immigration had to be restricted, and a series of laws in the 1920s accomplished that purpose. [37] He tried for a national leadership role in 1912 but blundered badly in a highly embarrassing speech to leading journalists. Typically, classes were taught by young local women before they married, with only occasional supervision by county superintendents. Bellamys reformed society had thus, as his protagonist Julian West notes with great satisfaction, simply applied the principle of universal military service, as it was understood during the 19th century, to the labor question. In Bellamys utopian world there were no battlefields, but those who displayed exceptional valour in promoting the prosperity of society were honoured for their service. Constitution. "[277], Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the 1920s involving increased democracy, efficient government, corporate regulation, social justice, and governmental public service. Moreover, its strict moral standards often marginalized groups such as immigrants and African Americans. While the Progressive Era did impact political and social change, the impact of these changes was limited. In the black community, Charlotte Hawkins Brown, built the Palmer Memorial Institute to educate the black leadership class, Brown worked with Booker T. Washington (in his role with the National Negro Business League), who provided ideas and access to Northern philanthropy.[85]. ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". Later tax acts implemented a federal estate tax and raised the top income tax rate to 77 percent. [100], Ohio was distinctive for municipal reform in the major cities, especially Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton. [122][123], The purity of food, milk, and drinking water became a high priority in the cities. "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform", Miller, Worth Robert. [19] In his 1906 novel The Jungle Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and inhumane practices of the meatpacking industry, as he made clear in the Jungle itself. Perhaps the most significant reflection of Progressive Era reforms comes from the Constitution. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) was influential and persuaded America about the supposed horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards, a giant complex of meat processing plants that developed in the 1870s. Using this moralistic approach, Roosevelt argued for intervention with Cuba to help it to become a "just and stable civilization", by way of the Platt amendment. During the Progressive Era, one of the biggest sticking points was government corruption, and the election of senators was not immune from this. An error occurred trying to load this video. It promoted expansion of the university through the UW-Extension system to reach all the state's farming communities. [131], Labor unions, especially the American Federation of Labor (AFL), grew rapidly in the early 20th century, and had a Progressive agenda as well. [81] Furthermore, Southern Democrats in Congress gave strong support to President Wilson's reforms. ", Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 19061940." [137] Dating became a new way of courting during the Progressive Era and moved youth into a more romantic way of viewing marriage and relationships. [204] Immigration restriction continued to be a national policy until after World War II. Ohio took the lead in municipal reform. [53], Herbert Croly was an intellectual leader of the movement as an editor, political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic. [242][243][244], A new field of study, the art and science of homemaking, emerged in the Progressive Era in an effort to feminize women's education in the United States. Write the problem in vertical form. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner, the most famous professor, quit and went to Harvard. The league also concentrated on campaigns for the right of individual communities to choose whether to close their saloons. Starting in the 1880s, the labor unions aggressively promoted restrictions on immigration, especially restrictions on Chinese, Japanese and Korean immigrants. Progressive Era Lesson for Kids: Summary, Timeline & Reforms, The Progressive Movement & Mechanisms for Increased Political Participation, The Lost Colony of Roanoke: Mystery, Theories & History, The Pilgrims: Definition, Plymouth & Overview, Wampanoag Tribe: People, History & Role in First Thanksgiving, Who was Crispus Attucks? Jensen, Richard. Technological breakthroughs and frenzied searches for new markets and sources of capital caused unprecedented economic growth. If New York's total population was 10% of the entire country's population, then New York was responsible for paying 10% of the national income tax. Women and minorities increasing participation in the political process. Q. Progressivism was a direct result of: answer choices The Great Depression The Civil War The Industrial Revolution Imperialism Question 3 30 seconds Q. They finally achieved that goal with the NorrisLa Guardia Act of 1932. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, and a small income tax was imposed on higher incomes. The 19th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on Aug. 18, 1920. Learning Objectives Describe the theory behind Progressivism Key Takeaways Key Points Progressivism arose as a response to the vast changes brought about by modernization. Progressive Era Reforms | Examples, Accomplishments & History One early success came in the Newfoundland fisheries dispute between the United States and Britain in 1910. The traditionalists said many of their reforms were unnecessary and not worth the trouble of implementing. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. Is this multiple choice? Muckraking magazines, notably McClure's, took on corporate monopolies and political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues like child labor. | Gilded Age Summary, Time Period & Characteristics, Gilded Age Politics: Political Machines & Civil Service Reform, Praxis World & U.S. History - Content Knowledge (5941): Practice & Study Guide, US History from Reconstruction for Teachers: Professional Development, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, Prentice Hall United States History: Online Textbook Help, Prentice Hall World History Connections to Today, The Modern Era: Online Textbook Help, History 105: US History from Settlement to Present Day, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, High School World History: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Tutoring Solution, Middle School US History: Homework Help Resource, Post-Civil War U.S. History: Help and Review, American History Since 1865: Tutoring Solution, Post-Civil War American History: Homework Help, Create an account to start this course today. 240 lessons. The group's further efforts led to successful ballot initiatives implementing a direct primary system in 1904, and allowing citizens to directly recall public officials in 1908. [169] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. Which of the following was a Progressive Era reform? [177], As late as 1920, half the population lived in rural areas. [160], The direct primary became important at the state level starting in the 1890s and at the local level in the 1900s. While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups, there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved. Up until the passing of the17th amendment, senators were elected by state legislatures. The 1906 federal Pure Food and Drug Act, which was pushed by drug companies and providers of medical services, removed from the market patent medicines that had never been scientifically tested. [165], The Northeast was laggard in adopting the direct primary, with Connecticut and Rhode Island the last states to sign up. The Progressive Era | Causes & Effects | Britannica [234] Evangelicals precipitated the second wave of prohibition legislation during the 1880s, which had as its aim local and state prohibition. He made sure the next legislature defeated the governor's programs, and that McGovern was defeated in his bid for the Senate in 1914. [46][47], Charles Evans Hughes, as a New York politician exposed the insurance industry. One of the most significant reflections of change in the United States during this time is shown in the amendments, or changes made to the Constitution. Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization. Their goal was to keep the various factions united for the fall campaign and minimize ticket-splitting. [43] He had four major domestic priorities: the conservation of natural resources, banking reform, tariff reduction, and opening access to raw materials by breaking up Western mining trusts. Across the nation, middle-class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era. [252], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Divorce rates increased as women preferred to seek education and freedom from the home. [18] Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposs often had a major impact as well, such as those by Upton Sinclair. [288], By 1930, a block of progressive Republicans in the Senate were urging Hoover to take more vigorous action to fight the depression. Sandbrook, Dominic. Thanks to the 17th Amendment, Americans were given the power to vote directly for the people who represented them in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 53 (4): 399425. Many reform movements started locally and gained national attention. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911. [249], The Flexner Report of 1910, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds, resources, and prestige on larger, professionalized medical schools associated with universities. "Organized Crime: Challenge to the American." Different cities and states passed varying levels of reform, but the Progressive Era did impact change on the federal level. [95] Other Wisconsin Idea scholars at the university generated the plan that became the New Deal's Social Security Act of 1935, with Wisconsin expert Arthur J. Altmeyer playing the key role. [98][99], State leaders in reform included editor William Allen White, who reached a national audience, and Governor Walter R. Stubbs. Two important groups were formed during this period. The group had some success by 1900, as more than half the states allowed women to vote in the local elections. In states where agriculture was the main occupation, farmers often struggled to pay their taxes, especially when crops failed or prices dropped. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. Identify the statements that describe workmen's compensation laws enacted by 1913. succeed. Cities became the breeding ground for not only disease but also crime and poverty. Page 73118.1. [232] Timberlake (1963) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust, weaken the saloon base of big-city machines, enhance industrial efficiency, and reduce the level of wife beating, child abuse, and poverty caused by alcoholism. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. [203] A handful of eugenics advocates were also involved in immigration restriction for their own pseudo-scientific reasons. He failed to win the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898 before winning the 1900 gubernatorial election. Kansas was a leader, where it was promoted in the press, led by Henry J. Allen of the Wichita Beacon, and pushed through by Governor Arthur Capper. Please select which sections you would like to print: Contributor to the Sage Encyclopedia of Political Theory. However, presidential nominations depended chiefly on state party conventions until 1972. [184][185], Numerous other programs were aimed at rural youth, including 4-H clubs,[186] Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such modernizing achievements as: steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila; dredging the River Pasig; streamlining of the Insular Government; accurate, intelligible accounting; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network; the establishment of a postal savings bank; large-scale road- and bridge-building; impartial and incorrupt policing; well-financed civil engineering; the conservation of old Spanish architecture; large public parks; a bidding process for the right to build railways; Corporation law; and a coastal and geological survey. Welcome to Brainly! Convinced that the bosses had stolen the nomination from him, Roosevelt led his followers out of the Republican convention. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Railroads connected the contiguous United States and transported manufactured goods all over the country. Outside of government, Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge were influential reformers. "[287] International influences that sparked many reform ideas likewise continued into the 1920s, as American ideas of modernity began to influence Europe. Edward Bellamys admiration for the discipline and self-sacrifice of the Civil War armies was reflected in his enormously popular utopian novel Looking Backward (1888). They used that money to line the pockets of politicians to get what they wanted at the expense of the American people. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. After his death in 1925 his two sons took over the party. [3] Spreading the message of reform through mass-circulation newspapers and magazines by "probing the dark corners of American life" were investigative journalists known as muckrakers". The Progressive Era | Key Facts | Britannica [181][182] The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money, but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the "Dixie Highway. Question: Which of the following is NOT a Progressive reform? In August they organized the Progressive (" Bull Moose ") Party and named Roosevelt to lead the third-party cause. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. It established national standards for law schools, which led to the replacement of the old system of young men studying law privately with established lawyers by the new system of accredited law schools associated with universities.[253]. Colorado, In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. [201] In addition, rural Protestants distrusted the urban Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and on those grounds opposed immigration. [39], La Follette supported some of President Wilson's policies, but he broke with the president over foreign policy, thereby gaining support from Wisconsin's large German and Scandinavian elements. In keeping with the general reform mood of the latter 1860s and 1870s, the issue first received serious consideration when both houses of the General Assembly passed a women's suffrage amendment to the state constitution in 1870. The Progressive ERa is defined as a historical era because the time period is characterized by the ~ answer choices shrinking of the Us.S. Solved Which of the following is NOT a Progressive reform - Chegg Ebner, Michael H., and Eugene M. Tobin, eds. Rich industrialists, referred to as 'robber barons,' made their fortunes from the hard work of underpaid employees. The result was a permanent closing of red light districts in major cities. With this in mind, the Progressive Party helped to pass the 17th amendment, which allows American citizens to directly elect their senators. The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses, who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures. [228][229] In the South, especially in Texas, prohibition was a top priority of the Protestant progressives.[230][231]. in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. Which of the following was a Progressive Era reform? - Brainly Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Regulations that progressive groups . ", Paul L. Murphy, "World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States" (1979), Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?,", Stanley Coben, "Ordinary white Protestants: The KKK of the 1920s,", Barry C. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive. Their endeavor is to overthrow and discredit all who honestly administer the law, to prevent any additional legislation which would check and restrain them, and to secure if possible a freedom from all restraint which will permit every unscrupulous wrongdoer to do what he wishes unchecked provided he has enough money.The methods by which the Standard Oil people and those engaged in the other combinations of which I have spoken above have achieved great fortunes can only be justified by the advocacy of a system of morality which would also justify every form of criminality on the part of a labor union, and every form of violence, corruption, and fraud, from murder to bribery and ballot box stuffing in politics. in. [176] In Wisconsin, the stronghold of Robert La Follette, the Wisconsin Idea used the state university as a major source of ideas and expertise. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [239], Prohibition also brought a rise to organized crime, which was able to profit off the sales of illegal alcohol. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) were among the leading groups that encouraged abstinence and discouraged premarital sex. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate business and prevent monopolies. [33] Along these lines, the founder of Hull-House, Jane Addams, coined the term "association" as a counter to Individualism, with association referring to the search for a relationship between the classes. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal.
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