jujube tree root system

Hybrid plant production was increased by 100 times using the new system, and a large number of hybrid progeny were obtained from 19 cross combinations, of which a number of superior lines were selected70. & Tian, J. They are not particular about soil pH, but do need to be planted in full sun. Wang, L. et al. Fresh jujube fruit can be kept fresh for 24 months under controlled atmosphere storage or controlled freezing-point storage. Regarding the obvious differences in distribution, morphology, usage, and historical knowledge of jujube and sour jujube in China, Liu et al. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Liu, M. The challenges and countermeasures of jujube industry during transition period. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). The Air-Pot Plant Physiol. Forests10, 392 (2019). At present, it is one of the main cultivated fruit species, the foremost dried fruit in terms of production, and the main income source of ~20 million farmers in China2,3. This result was later confirmed by SSR and cpSSR analysis61,62. Farm Prod. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) Acta Hortic. Cv. Among them, stimulating sucker propagation by cutting off the roots at the periphery of the vertical projection of the canopy and separating fasciculate suckers can increase the reproductive coefficient, while gathering and nurturing the suckers in a nursery can greatly improve the quality of the root system. Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. A bioactive polysaccharide isolated from the fruits of Chinese jujube. spinosa Hu), four viewpoints have been reported66, i.e., that they are the same species, that jujube is a variety of sour jujube, that sour jujube is a variety of jujube, or that they are two different species. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. An excellent new cultivar of Chinese jujube with high resistance to jujube witches broom disease Xingguang. This period has lasted for over 70 years. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. Sci.19, 336339 (2002). Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). Forests10, 460 (2019). & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. However, propagation via tissue culture has not been used on a large scale in jujube in China because of the high technical requirements, high cost, and late fruiting of micropropagated plants. Until recently Chinese jujube was propagated primarily by root suckers. Acta Hortic. Liu, M., Liu, Z., Li, X. The flesh is as sweet as honey and as crisp as an apple or pear. & Wang, Y. Chinese Fruit Trees Record-Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 1993). In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . Zhang, B., Chen, J. (Preliminary results regarding the in vitro propagation of Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Silvae Sin. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. and wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) The government and society pay more attention to ecological friendliness, the efficient use of land resources and the social and economic advantages for rural farmers in marginal regions. It's just a better tree for in-ground planting. 0perennial shoot system in the dormant season, 1primary shoot, 2secondary shoot, 3mother-bearing shoot, 4fruit-bearing shoot, 5inflorescence, 6young fruit, 7longitudinal section of mature fruit, 8stone and kernel, 9the diverse shapes of jujube fruits, 10photograph of fruiting jujube. Sun, H. & Tian, Y. Acta Hortic. & Tian, C. Study on the effect of the different heating processes on the quality of the Chinese date. Agric. 3. In this case, the maturity period can be advanced by 14 months105,106. Both species thrive in hot dry climates where winter temperatures do not go below 9.4 C (49 F). 2009BADA4B03), by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (Project No. It can be seen that jujube fruit can meet the marketers demand for profits and risk avoidance. J. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Org.131, 175182 (2017). How to Grow and Care for Jujubes The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. quinequeflora Hort. Autotetraploidization in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Some gene families involved in phytoplasma and cold stress and flower and fruit development were identified and analyzed at the genome level22,23,24,32,33,34. After the Asian Olympic Games in Beijing in 1990, dense cultivation was developed for dwarf fresh jujube, and even superdense plantings (grass orchards) with densities of up to 15,000 plants per hectare were established. jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). More farmers in China now graft or bud onto seedling rootstocks. Res.17, 307313 (1999). carnosicalycis Wang), f. allochroa Cheng et Liu, f. heteroformis Cheng et Liu (Z. jujuba Mill. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Part of Springer Nature. What Makes a Root Produce a Sucker? The third is The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Jujube55, in which pictures and research data for 250 cultivars (57 table jujubes, 80 for dehydration, 82 for both dehydration and fresh eating, 17 for processing, and 14 ornamental varieties) were obtained from the National Chinese Jujube Repository (Taigu, Shanxi). Sci.36, 13691381 (2019). Hu, F. Study on Four Main Functional Components of Chinese Jujube. Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. Tortuosa), f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitag. Yan, F. F. et al. Plant Physiol.224-225, 110 (2018). 6 Key Jujube Benefits: Dosage & Safety | The Botanical Institute Genome-wide identification of CNGC genes in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) It has great potential in international markets, as currently, its export proportion is <0.5% in China. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Agrofor Syst 11:243258, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1991) A tree-crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedge row intercropping. Sci.24, 487491 (2007). Sci. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. var. var. Asian J. Chem.24, 792796 (2012). Only approximately ten of them cause severe yield and quality losses, such as peach fruit moth, jujube inchworm, Ancylis sativa Liu, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, jujube rust, jujube witches broom, and fruit cracking. After the beginning of the 21st century, much more attention was paid to intensive processing that highlights the characteristic nutrients of jujube. Agrofor Syst 31:181198, Schroth G, Poidy N, Morshauser T, Zech W (1995) Effects of different methods of soil tillage and biomass application on crop yields and soil properties in agroforestry with high tree competition. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Plant Cell Tiss. By the Han Dynasty (~2000 YA), jujube cultivation had spread throughout North and South China into large commercial cultivation regions and had become the main source of national taxes, with special officials regulating jujube production. & Li, X. Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF superfamily genes and their expression during fruit ripening of Chinese jujube. Dried jujube (the main form) can be stored for more than 1 year at room temperature with proper insect control and for 23 years at 4C. Soc. To estimate these risks . Zhao, Z. et al. Thus, the level of jujube production in China has long been at the forefront of fruit tree production in history, and jujube production has made an important contribution to the development of fruit tree science and technology (Fig. Liu, Z. et al. Sci. Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin (2013). In addition, 11 jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, a book written 2600 years ago. Peng, Y. Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Ma, J., Zhao, L. & Cao, L. Studies on postharvest physiology and storage technology of Dongzao. Typical symptoms include witches' broom, small leaves, phyllody and dense root suckers. Additionally, according to the unearthed carbonized fruits, jujube was cultivated and utilized in China 7000 years ago. Li, D. Descriptors and Data Standard for Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2006). During the past 70 years, jujube research has greatly advanced. Back to albums list. Since no new gene fusions or multiple trait combinations are available in autopolyploidization and it is difficult to make large breakthroughs via selection breeding, there is no substitute for cross-breeding, and its advantages are also incomparable. From the 1950s to 1980s, the first nationwide jujube germplasm investigation was carried out; a total of 700 jujube cultivars and 30 wild sour jujube genotypes were determined through synonym and homonym identification and recorded in the book China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube1. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. var. Exp. ), (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Romania. Food, Agric. Given the limitations of traditional selection breeding for obtaining breakthrough cultivars and the extreme difficulty of cross-breeding in jujube, polyploid breeding seems to be a promising prospect. After entering the 21st century, in the desert of southern Xinjiang Province, China, a novel cultivation model for high early yields and high fruit quality was established. Chen, Y. L. & Schirarend, C. Rhamnaceae. J. Wuhan. J. Lucrri tiinifice Ser. Shanxi. Jinsi 4 on its fruit cracking and nutritional quality in the South. and wild jujube. Grades of Fresh Chinese Jujube Fruit (Standards Press of China, 2008). What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? However, jujubes and sour jujubes are very closely related, with cross-compatibility and transitional types between them. A study on the classification of jujube and wild jujube by peroxidase isozyme. proposed that jujube evolved from wild sour jujube1 based on a systematic study of ancient books, ecological distributions, karyotyping, palynology, and isoenzymes as well as of the transitional types between jujube and sour jujube1. Regarding the taxonomic relationship between jujube and sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. Consumers like fruits that are delicious and nutritious and that appeal to appearance and status. For Ecol Manag 83:171180, Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou LB, Dordsas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. & Liu, M. HPLC determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in Chinese jujube. Agrofor Syst 43:534, Schroth G, Zech W (1995) Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. Historical achievements and frontier advances in the production and research of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Chen et al. Preparation of oligosaccharides by degradation of polysaccharides from Chinese jujube and its biological activity. Acquirement of endosperm triploid and its biology and cytology 1978-1984. conceived of the paper and wrote the first draft. Rep.8, 15612 (2018). The end result is an incredibly fibrous and dense root system able to take up far more nutrients per volume than a similar tree in the ground would. (5) Macroscopic research on jujube is still quite weak, and the existing studies in nontraditional fields such as ecological and cultural studies and the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are insufficient. in Chinese Dates a Traditional Functional Food (eds Liu, D., Ye, X. Since it was introduced into neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan 2000 years ago, jujube has spread to at least 48 countries, commercial jujube cultivation has developed at different levels in China, South Korea, Iran, Israel, the United States, Italy, Australia, and other countires2,3,6,7,8. Xue, C. et al. & Jiang, Y.) Estimation of Evapotranspiration of a Jujube/Cotton Intercropping Sin.40, 426432 (2013). The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. Agric. & Huang, J. Agric. The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2013). More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. lageniformis Hort. Sci. The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. Propagating jujubes. & Gao, W. Genetic relationship of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) and sour jujube (Z. spinosa) based on RAPD markers. Wang et al. Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Hou, S. & Li, X. Shen, C., Jia, S., Zheng, X., Tang, Z. It has multiple uses as a fresh or dried fruit, processing material, traditional Chinese medicine, celebratory food, health product, and a representative of native Chinese products. in subtropical and tropical regions. Fruit scientific research in new China in the past 70 years: Chinese jujube. Chen, Y. The trend of jujube industrial development and research. Acta Hortic.840, 529532 (2009). J Shandong Agric Univ 31:9194, Liu JQ, Halik W, Wang GS, Kasim Y (2012) Study on temporal and spatial distribution rules of characteristic fruit industry resources in Xinjiang. We offer the two sizes in the 'Air-Pot Garden' range that are best-suited for the young jujube trees we sell. The major advances in this period included grafting techniques (1000 YA), intercropping (600 YA), fresh fruit storage in ice rooms (200 YA), shifting the girdling time from winter to the flowering season, and processing candied jujubes, jujube wine, and jujube vinegar. The problem of hybrids not being obtained due to heavy early embryo abortion was solved by embryo rescue based on the understanding of the mechanism of embryo abortion and the factors affecting very young embryo culture. tortuosa Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. Qu et al. Spectr. Huang, J. et al. To date, a total of ~930 jujube genotypes have been preserved, accounting for at least 90% of the total jujube genotypes in the world. Chara cterization of a pectic polysaccharide from the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba. Qi, Y. In recent decades, agroforestry has been rapidly The results of sensory tests and analyses with common consumers of different ages and origins are positive and encouraging14,152. This work was financially supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Project No. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. Hebei12, 19 (1989). An evolutionary divergence analysis of jujube, pear and Prunus mume found that the 4DTv (fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion) rate of jujube peaked at only 0.50, suggesting that no recent whole-genome duplication had occurred in jujube12. Analysis of reducing sugars, organic acids and minerals in 15 cultivars of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Plant Breed.16, 33953400 (2018). Storage Process3, 1012 (2002). Front. The overall objective should be to meet the various needs of farmers, processers, marketers and consumers. volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. For successful grafting there are five important requirements: Rep.6, 31503 (2016). Sci. Shi, Y. et al. Acta Hortic.853, 163170 (2010). PubMed Central Jujube research in the future should more precisely respond to the needs of industry, markets, and government and could even actively create and lead these demands. Luo, Z. Omissions? Wang, L. et al. volume7, Articlenumber:119 (2020) Luo, Z. et al. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. Corrections? Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Agrofor Syst 76:513523, Rivest D, Cogliastro A, Bradley RL, Olivier A (2010) Intercropping hybrid poplar with soybean increases soil microbial biomass, mineral N supply and tree growth. Benefiting from late bud sprouting (~20 days later than peach), late flowering (June in North China) and a 2-month flowering period, jujube avoids late frosts and biennial bearing. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Genetic engineering has also made some advances, but these applications are not yet fully developed. According to a comprehensive investigation, more than 100 pests and diseases have been observed in jujube1. However, until the end of the 20th century, the breeding techniques for Chinese jujube had been mainly focused on selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasm, even though some new techniques had been incorporated into selection breeding, such as marker-assisted identification and standardized techniques. Sin.32, 496499 (2005). Jujube hardwood cuttings are quite difficult to propagate, presenting a rooting rate of usually <30%, and have rarely been used in commercial production. Jinsixiaozao hort. Wu, Y., Zhang, J. Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. Further studies indicated that GLDH and MDHAR are the crucial genes in jujube AsA synthesis and recycling, respectively27. Correspondence to Liu, M. et al. In addition, triploids of Jinsixiaozao, Yuanlingzao, and Changhongzao have been created by endosperm culture, but no new cultivar has been released82. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. PubMed Central Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhao, J. BMC Plant Biol.19, 189 (2019). var. Fu found that controlled freezing-point storage was better than normal cold storage in terms of delaying ripening and aging126. Given the demands of the new era, the development tendencies of the modern fruit industry and the new technologies available, jujube research in China is facing a series of important challenges. Ser. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Stnic, F. Present status of jujube and advanced fruit growing techniques in Europe. Super high-density jujube orchard in Xinjiang, China (Photo by Prof. Yanjiang Shi). Consequently, it is difficult to fulfill the new demands of government and enterprises for scientific decision-making. For Sci 48:7784, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Seifert JR, Mengel DB, Pope PE (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the mid-western USA. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. The l-galactose pathway is the major route for jujube AsA biosynthesis, and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway show high-level expression during fruit development12. Google Scholar. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. In vitro tetraploid induction of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao and Z. acidojujuba (Z. spinosa Hu) with colchicine. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Agrofor Syst 74:163172, Lin QY, Xing LF, Li PY, Ding XT, Duan ZA (2000) Recounting and reviewing on the scientific research literature for intercropping system of jujube and crops in China. Establishment of embryo culture technical system of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). Jiangxiensis35, 935939 (2013). J. Tarim. Yang, X. et al. After the beginning of the 21st century, outbreaks of pests and diseases, including Lygocoris lucorum, Euzophera batangensis, Ceratitis capitata, jujube flies, fruit cracking, and fruit shrinking, have become increasingly severe102,110,111,112,113,114. The traditional production technology maturation period (Northern Wei Dynastythe founding of the Peoples Republic of China, or 500 CE1949 CE). However, high-efficiency, low-cost practical management systems for fruit cracking and fruit shrinking disease have not been developed; these conditions have a great influence on jujube yield and quality. Once the sucker has established a root system . Technol.226, 985989 (2008). anucleatus Y. G. Chen). Wang et al. Generally, it is best to repot it from March to may in spring. var. J. cv. Method 1: Hybrids are produced by using a male-sterile variety as the female parent and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility as the male parent20,84. It . A historic leap has been achieved from the initial stage of focusing on summarizing production experiences to a new era of innovative research throughout the whole industry chain covering breeding, cultivation, pest management, fruit storage, transportation, and processing; from morphological research to comprehensive research at the levels of the plant, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, and gene; and from the research of a few individuals to national and international research collaborations. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). It is distributed in at least 48 countries on all continents except Antarctica and is becoming increasingly important, especially in arid and semiarid marginal lands. Google Scholar. Univ.21, 124126 (2009). Acta Hortic. Zhang, Z., Huang, J. Liu, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, J. Study on cultivated model of high efficiency and cultivated techniques for Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv Dongzao in Dali. Acta Hortic. J.W. The complex jujube genome provides insights into fruit tree biology. Root distribution chronosequence of a dense dwarfed jujube plantation In addition, the International Cultivar Registration Center for the Ziziphus genus was established in 2014 at the Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University under the authorization of the International Society of Horticultural Sciences. J. Rev.32, 229298 (2006). Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in Dongzao. Resour.12, 539545 (2011). Zhang, C., Huang, J., Yin, X., Lian, C. & Li, X. Agric. Agric. (7) Nontraditional research fields: integrating the whole industry chain, the new fields of value-added products, related advanced technologies, and technical standards. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles & Liu, M. Discovery and evaluation of natural mixoploid (2x + 4x) variants in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In the years to come, jujube research can focus on the following eight aspects: (1) Multiomics analysis of the formation mechanisms of the important unique traits of jujube to provide a solid foundation for molecular breeding, high-efficiency cultivation, and high-nutrition processing. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. Effect of root pruning on competitive abilityin Chinese jujube tree Eng.3, 131136 (2016). Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. The evapotranspiration of jujube root zone was calcu lated by water . Dongzao. Generally, growers prefer fruit trees that crop early, reach high and stable yields quickly, and have light pest pressure, easy management, low cultivation costs, and high economic benefits. Wow, I recently learned a lot about the jujube root system --- very invasive roots with suckers looking for water that can extend 30' from the tree. Twenty-four million years ago, jujube trees appeared in Northern China10. Agrofor Syst 84:401415, Chamshama SAO, Mugasha AG, Klovstad A, Haveraaen O, Maliondo SMS (1998) Growth and yield of maize alley cropped with Leucaena leucocephala and Faidherbia albida in Morogoro, Tanzan. The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits9,10 (Table 2). Sin.36, 196200 (2003). The nutrient components in different organs, different fruit developmental stages, and different varieties were systematically analyzed53,54,144,145,146,147. Agrofor Syst 55:125137, Garca-Barrios L, Ong CK (2004) Ecological interactions in simultaneous agroforestry systems in the tropics: management lessons. and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Miao, L. The Analysis of Tripenoids of the Fruit of Chinese Jujube. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Here, we took China as an example to briefly introduce the historical evolution and major achievements in jujube production and scientific research over the past 3000 years. (PDF) Effects of water-fertilizer coupling on root distribution and Acta Hortic.993, 209213 (2013). (6) Quality and nutrition preservation with postharvest and processing technology: adapting to internet and international marketing and upgrading the jujube market structure; making jujube an essential raw material in several superfoods that are increasingly requested by the market in addition to being directly used as fresh or dried fruit13; extending different production and processing certification systems (e.g., Global GAP, Organic, etc.) intercropping of cotton/9-year-old jujube trees. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. In the past 30 years, a total of ~200 new cultivars with large fruit, good fruit quality, high resistance to diseases, and varying uses and maturity times were released through polyploid breeding or selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasms2. Roots in each plot were sampled vertically by auger to a depth of 100 cm at 20-cm intervals and horizontally . The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12.
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