death to the princess and her unborn child, Military Memorial Cemetery Rossoschka, Russia, Follow Graveyards of Scotland on WordPress.com. Image provided by the author. The battle, which ended the Forty-five Jacobite rebellion and its dreams of putting a Stuart on the throne, was an onslaught that saw 1,500 Highland troops massacred by English swords and artillery in just 30 minutes. Cumberlands butchery set the tone for how the UK dealt with the Jacobite prisoners. At the time of its construction [], 2014 - 2022, Nellie Merthe Erkenbach, Graveyards of Scotland ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This error message is only visible to WordPress admins, Revealed: Trees planted to help achieve net zero are adding to Scotlands carbon emissions, Dreading the hordes? Popular interest in the battle and the '45 uprising has been reignited by Diana Gabaldon's Outlander books and the accompanying television series. Of particular interest are the contextual notes written for just under 11% of the entries, which tell us, for instance, that forty of these men were imprisoned on suspicion alone, some of them not having had any material association with the rebel army. Listed as Jacobite Relics at the National Library of Scotland, this bundle contains declarations and requisition orders from the Jacobite command, intercepted post, instructions to secure British army deserters, the dying speech of Donald MacDonald of Tiernadrish, etc. "While they were happy to execute people like Lord Lovat and go through the process and all its associated rigmarole, they were much less willing to undertake the expenditure for the majority of prisoners. Many of these details shift, change, or disappear in subsequent government records and should not alone be taken as hard evidence. At least three deserters from the British army also make an appearance.[6]. Charles entire career and fame were based on 14 months of glory, the rest was failure. By direct order of the Duke of Cumberland, soldiers of the Jacobite army, many of them wounded, were killed where they lay and stayed unburied at Culloden. Culloden - prisoners. Highland culture was repressed and the clan system dismantled. The day after the battle, he was crawling across this field of carnage and made it to a main road, where he was nearly crushed by a passing coach. James VII of Scotland & II of England: King of Great Britain from 1685 until 1689 and the man for whom the Jacobite cause was named. The news aroused both dismay and enthusiasm amongst his supporters, but, in the last battles to be fought on British soil, they twice defeated the numerically superior and . It pitted a Jacobite force comprised of Highlanders, some lowlanders, and some French, against a government force of mostly English and some Scots and Irish. Now nearly three centuries on from Jacobitisms imminent threat to the British post-revolution state, the movements historical record is still a living entity with plenty of room for growth. By August 1746, as a list of 351 is noted in TNA SP 36/92/2 ff. I couldnt resist commenting. He was called Bonnie Prince Charlie later in the 19th Century when the Jacobite cause was romanticised.. Figure 1. While some prominent collections of archival prosecution papers have been partially incorporated into subsequently published lists of Jacobite prisoners (for instance, sections of the Secretary of State Papers and the Treasury Solicitor Papers at Kew, jail returns at the National Library of Scotland, and various documents at the British Library), many hundreds of resources have neither been consulted nor considered.[2]. The Jacobites captured Cope's artillery, supplies, and . We know there are thousands of National readers who want to debate, argue and go back and forth in the comments section of our stories. Through the process of tracking down and registering these participants, hundreds of lists were compiled by government justices, military personnel, regional sheriffs, keepers of gaols and tolbooths, Presbyterian clergy, officers of the customs and excise, and individual landholders. They re-entered Carlisle on 19 December . Their destinies were various: Many were eventually released but 116 commoners were executed at Carlisle, York and Kennington Common and 4 lords at Tower Hill. Scotland's Jacobite Rebellion: Key Dates and Figures - ThoughtCo All Rights Reserved. Prof Szechi said The Veteran was unusual in that most transportation ships by this time headed to the North American colonies as landowners in the West Indies did not want to buy white people, given they often could not withstand the climate, conditions and diseases of the Caribbean. The methodology briefly outlined here and built into the JDB1745 project competently demonstrates what is possible with customised data architecture and the refocused initiative to re-examine and recodify the archival records of the Jacobite constituency. Historian Daniel Szechi, emeritus professor at Manchester University, said: The Veteran is a really interesting episode. The local tradition is that 17 Jacobites (Bonnie Prince Charlie's soldiers) were taken captive after the Battle of Culloden and held in the cellars of nearby Culloden House for several days. At Cumberlands command, a ship full of prisoners was sent south to London. Eyewitness accounts of those bloody atrocities were collated by Robert Forbes, Bishop of Ross and Caithness, who wrote the extraordinarily detailed book The Lyon in Mourning about this period. The merchant who transported these indentured servants was really aggrieved that the French freed them. National World Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. There many individuals who were involved in the transatlantic slave trade, both on the run Jacobites turned plantation owners, and people who were shipped to the Caribbean and the Americas as indentured labour. Some were intercepted by the French. After the rout, he escaped by ship to France, but died on board before reaching safety. The Aftermath of Culloden - 1746 - Julia Herdman Books That is what makes this country so wonderful and unique. Required fields are marked *. Prestonpans, 1745: the forgotten Jacobite victory | The Past Please leave feedback and comment freely on Graveyards of Scotlandbut with respect and consideration. Chapter 14: 8 - Epilogue - Battles of the '45 "They just disappeared. DC Thomson Co Ltd 2023. She'd been told about them by a historian. But by the time the highland army came up against the Duke of Cumberland's forces on Culloden Moor on 16 April, it was dispirited, poorly supplied and suffering heavy desertion. which undeniably changed the landscape of prosecution against Jacobite prisoners after 1745. Keeper's Gallery: Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 Composer George Frideric Handel dedicated his oratorio, Judas Maccabaeus, to the Duke of Cumberland for quelling the Jacobite rising. Paul explains: "After the battle there were thousands of. The name proper is St. Peter and Paul, Hirsau as it is known localy, is the name of the village. Mary II: Oldest daughter of James VII and Queen of England from 1689 until her death in 1694.Mary II served as a joint monarch alongside her husband, William of Orange, after her father . [11]Jean McCann, The Organisation of the Jacobite Army, 1745-1746 (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1963) pp. The Aftermath of Culloden - 1746. Clans lost land and power. It can be stultifying and monotonous work at times, but clearly the results can bear much fruit. Many of those on The Veteran were listed as non-combatants, but it is understood, anecdotally at least, some may have signed up to serve in the French Army. The group has its roots in a secret society which remained loyal to Bonnie Prince Charlie after Culloden. Historian Daniel Szechi, emeritus. Missing from the list, for example, are the ages, estates, and confessional traditions of the captives. Want to join the conversation? Truly, Scotland changed forever during this period. EARLY MODERN STUDENTS: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF MIGRATION ANDIDENTITY, Stitches of Resistance: Reclaiming the Narratives of the Enslaved Seamstresses in Martha Washingtons Purple SilkGown. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The guards forbad him, on pain of death, to treat any of the stripped and wounded men. So appalling were the conditions on board that just 49 were alive on reaching Tilbury, with survivors reporting inhuman treatment on board, including being whipped for talking Gaelic. Jacobite Dictionary - Mairead McKerracher - Google Books 9 Reasons for the Tragic Highlander Deaths in the Battle of Culloden Jacobite Risings | National Army Museum Transcript Show entries. I will answer your other comments asap. Learn how your comment data is processed. All around Inverness, men were murdered just for wearing Highland dress, women were raped and killed and children slaughtered Butcher Cumberland was well named. The church is now essentially a late 18th century building but St Michaels Mound is an ancient place of worship, parts of todays church building (the tower goes back to the 14th century) were already there when the army sentenced the rebels to death in the church and executed the prisoners between the gravestones. It features the Pope, the devil and the mischievous Harlequin stirring up the populace in favour of the Jacobites, and ends up with the Jacobites being tricked., The Duke of Cumberland led the English to victory at Culloden by raising his troops morale and using new tactics. Please report any comments that break our rules. Highlights. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Though he had fought for Charles and the Government in London had executed his father for treason in 1747 the last man in Britain to be beheaded Fraser founded his own eponymous regiment in 1757 and it joined the British Army as the 78th Fraser Highlanders. All of these contributed to form a piecemeal record of just who was involved in either explosive or subversive treason against the Crown, the nature of their involvement, and their degree of guilt based upon personal depositions, eyewitness testimony, and material evidence. Chisholms are the - Culloden Battlefield & Visitor Centre - Facebook David Graham of Orchill, factor to the loyalist William Graham, 2nd Duke of Montrose, furnished his laird with exacting tallies of his individual tenants, including their rent values and known level of involvement in the rising. But those on The Veteran would have been free labour they would have cost the plantation owners nothing to bring over., He added: "There was no investment cost and quite often they would be getting skilled labour.. Droppingthe entire data setinto a nimble and manipulable database likeAirtable, however, lets us take a much closer look at prosopographical trends that define the constituency of these captured Jacobites. Seven ships carried them from Inverness on 10 June 1746. The document itself is an intact snapshot of the British intelligence systems attempt to enumerate the magnitude of the rising before stamping it out for good through a mixture of litigation and violence. This method allows us to check the work in published aggregates and concurrently iron out errors made by the compilers. Some had trades, like carpentry, and these trades were most useful.. See also Sharpe to Newcastle (27 September 1746), TNA SP 36/88/2 ff. Thanx for the update. Analysing Jacobite Prisoner Lists withJDB45, Higher Education at the Historical Association, William van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, Spines of the Thistle: The Popular Constituency of the Jacobite Rising in 1745-6, Innovating Digital History in the Classroom: an interview with Drs James Baker and SharonWebb, Blurring the lines of the two kingdoms: kirk and council in Scotland,1689-1708, Women collectors, Lady Associates and the Society of Antiquaries ofScotland. Any unauthorised reprint or use of this material is prohibited. With the Jacobite Rebellion crushed in April 1746 at the Battle of Culloden, many Highland Scots finally wanted out of Scotland and opted to go to the English colonies in the New World. He spent the rest of his life hunting deer on his estate and was later referred to as Butcher Cumberland., Paul uncovered Cumberlands original autopsy report in Edinburgh. Did they feel compassion or triumph? Escaping Culloden: Targe presented to Bonnie Prince Charlie Petitions, lists of prisoners and memorials. contact the editor here. 8005, Scharf. Prof Szechi said: Technically, every single one of the Jacobite prisoners was liable to execution for treason, which we know was a long, drawn out and bloody process which cost a lot of money. In his new book, Culloden: Battle and Aftermath, Paul OKeeffe gives equal attention to the battle itself and the events that followed. Sweden, Hanover's Baltic rival, was one such power. 20-29 for a detailed assessment of published and unpublished sources containing Jacobite prisoner data. Transportation warrants. [4]List of Rebel Prisoners Taken Before, At, and After the Battle of Culloden (1746), RA CP/Main Box 69 Series XI.39.22. Subscribe for only 5.49 a month and enjoy all the benefits of the printed paper as a digital replica. The Hidden Graves in Culloden Woods - outlanderpastlives.com Simon Fraser. On board were 157 Jacobites. The Jacobite Database of 1745project was created to carry out this codification of the Jacobite constituency as it stood during the last rising, as well to offer a set of research tools for the subsequent analysis of its collected data. John Prebble: Culloden. In addition to providing granular social histories of both the martial and civilian facets of Jacobitism, the housing of numerous manipulable data sets within JDB1745 allows us to check the integrity of the transcribed data in previously published lists and to compare and contrast them for focused analysis. Paul explains: After the battle there were thousands of Jacobite soldiers, and innocent bystanders, held captive. Scots Prisoners and their Relocation to the Colonies, 1650-1654 - Geni List of Rebel Prisoners Taken Before, At, and After the Battle of Culloden (1746). Captured at Carlisle on December 30 1745, Bell - who was 5ft 1ins with black curled hair and strong made - was a prisoner at Carlisle and York Castle. You dont have to share the authors passion for cemeteries to enjoy this book; only a small number of the stories in this collection take place in graveyards, though they do all end in them, so perhaps it helps. Overview and Statement of Significance. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Described as a non-combatant - with brown hair, smooth face - he was captured at Carlisle on December 30 1745. Wolfe is known to have visited the Old High Church during his time in Inverness, as . Last thoughts on the Jacobites: the most important discovery for me during my researches for this series was that both James Edward Stuart and his son Bonnie Prince Charlie strongly pledged to end the Union of Parliaments of 1707. In that time, approximately 1250 Jacobites were dead, almost as many were wounded and 376 were taken prisoner (those who were professional soldiers or who were worth a ransom). Where Did All the Highlanders Go? - The Simply Scottish Blog View zoomable image in Jacobite prints and broadsides. The Shadow of Culloden | Sarah Fraser They were among the 149 men, women and children on board the transportation ship The Veteran, which left Liverpool on May 8, 1747, bound for Antigua, where the prisoners, which also included a 12-year-old boy, were due to be sold into indentured servitude. They were then taken out to this stone in carts and shot. Alexander, Joseph, Anne and baby Prisoner 332 along with dozens of others disappeared into the hot Caribbean haze, with no known trace of what happened to the Jacobites freed by Britains foe. He escaped the field but later was forced to surrender. They werent given any food for two days, they were cold, the dead were only slowly disposed of, a gruesome task the beggars were forced to perform. They smashed windows in over 200 properties and caused massive amounts of damage.. Other wounded Jacobites were stripped and left to die of exposure. The Prisoners' Stone is a large boulder with an unhappy story. It was about a year ago that a lady I know mentioned to me in passing the gravestones believed to be hidden in deep undergrowth in Culloden Woods. The government troops lost 50 men while around 300 were wounded. The battle of Culloden lasted for under an hour. Yet an estimated 1-2,000 men had not even been present on the field, arms, money and munitions was to arrive in Scotland from France soon after. Pingback: Culling the Herd Little Rebellions. Often, the three cannot be separated. This same bundle of proofs was later recorded within the governments Treasury Solicitor Papers, categorising each witness who testified by number and reference to his or her deposition. This includes the fate of Scottish survivors, including some who dragged themselves from the battlefield, or escaped a firing squad. William of Orange: King of Great Britain from 1689 until his death in 1702. Graphics (with own titles) generated by prosopographical analysis. Cumberland was determined to capture his relative, because he knew that Charles alive was a threat to the Hanoverian dynasty. Prisoners after Culloden Securing Scotland after Culloden Secret portrait object Hanover family tree Controlling Scotland after Culloden Laws to control Scotland Transportation of. Furthermore, 167 (17%) are not included in either of these prominent references, while 669 (67.9%) do appear in one or both but bear erroneous information or discrepancies between records in Cumberlands name book. One man who fought at Culloden was James Wolfe, who was appointed the commander of the government forces in Inverness and later gained fame for his victory at the Battle of Quebec in 1759. They were led by General Hawley, the loser at the Battle of Falkirk Muir, whose fury for revenge knew no bounds he duly earned the nickname Hangman Hawley. With 3,500 prisoners in jails around the country post-Culloden, administering any form of justice was a slow process. The majority of prisoners were shown mercy and deported to the colonies, most of them died either on the way or once they were there. Provisional but satisfactory examinations of this data illustrate a number of demographic points of interest: the international character of what is often considered to have been a categorically Scottish rising, and also granular evidence of the Scottish counties that produced significant Jacobite military support; the distribution and frequencies of ranks and fighting units within that army; and a limited study of the occupational spheres that provided plebeian Jacobite recruits, as well as a number of itemised careers. Taken prisoner after Culloden he pled not guilty and then guilty. Twenty-seven names bear the designation of being pressed into Jacobite service, ten cases of which allegedly occurred just two days before Culloden by George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromarty, during his eleventh-hour recruiting drive north of the Black Isle. All the best, Nellie, Your email address will not be published. Born in 1726 the son of one of Scotland's most infamous Jacobite nobles, he led his clansmen at Culloden in support of Charles Stuart. Get a weekly round-up of stories from The Sunday Post: Something went wrong - please try again later. Predominately covering the years 1701-1719 and 1740-1767, there are almost 76,000 in this collection of records from a significant time in Scotland's history. Darren Scott Layne received his PhD from the University of St Andrews and is creator and curator of the Jacobite Database of 1745, a wide-ranging prosopographical study of people who were involved in the last rising. 14 Indentures were partially established to fund both . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, This website and its associated newspaper are members of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). In Aberdeen, a receipt was given to Captain Lambert of Flemings 36th Regiment of Foot for ninety-six prisoners accused of treason before carrying them southward for trial; Keeper of the Gaol of Aberdeen William Murdoch further listed thirty-four of these persons taken by the town guard in the days immediately following Culloden, including their places of origin, military units, and the day upon which they were captured. The suffering of the prisoners was bitter and prolonged. The ability to comment on our stories is a privilege, not a right, however, and that privilege may be withdrawn if it is abused or misused. The government troops lost 50 men while around 300 were wounded. Charles Edward Stuart, also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, the . This by itself is a clear indication that a Jacobite restoration in 1745-6 was a very real and pressing threat to Whig officials. Though Cumberlands name book has no specific date attached to it, the data itself tells us much about the time it was drafted. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, This website and its associated newspaper are members of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). Thankfully, the British army clerk in charge of this particular booklet had a fine hand and nearly all of the names are paired with their stated places of origin, ranks or occupations, and fighting units, if applicable. Researchers at Culloden Battlefield near Inverness are to investigate the Jacobite exiles who went on to own plantations in the West Indies and the hundreds of rebels deported as indentured servants following the decisive Hanoverian victory in 1746. A Gannett Company. Fraser was shot but not fatally, and then had one eye and his nose smashed in by a musket and left for dead. You need to understand the difference between 'chattel slavery' and . Terms of servitude usually lasted seven years, but landowners sometimes quietly reduced their sentence, with good service rewarded with land and money after a shorter spell. He was one of the survivors to be rounded up and shot by musket at close range, at a site near the battlefield. David Morier, The Battle of Culloden, oil on canvas (1746). They executed prisoners, burned settlements and seized livestock, earning their commander the nickname 'The Butcher', at least among his political opponents. Of course, nobody did so the English soldiers got drunk and went on a rampage. I was put into one of the Scotch kirks together with a great number of wounded prisoners who were stripped naked and then left to die of their wounds without the least assistance; and though we had a surgeon of our own, a prisoner in the same place, yet he was not permitted to dress their wounds, but his instruments were taken from him on purpose to prevent it; and in consequence of this many expired in the utmost agonies. [1]As I argued in my doctoral thesis, due to the technologies that are now available to historians and more robust access to archival collections, we are well overdue for a modern reassessment of Jacobite engagement through a comprehensive review of primary sources and a consequential revision of the way their data is codified. The whole country was essentially under martial law and the army could do what they liked. He gradually degenerated over the years until he finally ended up in Rome, dying in a terrible physical condition, covered in ulcers, in the room where hed been born. The raft of paperwork is enormous, and different lists contain varying amounts of biographical information, the relevance and accuracy of which was usually based upon who was processing the intelligence at the time. Prisoners after Culloden View full image 00:00 00:00 List of rebel prisoners: with their rank and the number of witnesses against them, July 17 1746 (SP 54/32/41C). Of the remainder, more than six hundred died in prison; 936 were transported to the West Indies to be sold as slaves [which, at that time, meant that they would almost certainly be dead of yellow fever or the like within two years], 121 were banished outside our Dominions; and 1287 were released or exchanged. List of Jacobite prisoners captured after Culloden and sent to Tilbury Fort, London. The only exceptions to the Dress Act were soldiers in the British Army, whom General James Wolfe, who had fought against the Jacobites, saw as ideal recruits as it is no great mischief if they fall. A local man found him and he survived Duplicate persons can be identified and the common transposition of names rectified, like the many occurrences of Daniels and Davids, Henrys and Humphries, Patricks and Peters. There were many atrocities, whole communities were burned., In the National Library of Scotland, Paul uncovered a detailed inventory listing anti-Catholic destruction by English troops in Aberdeen. The immediate hours after Culloden were appalling. In total, 3,470 Jacobites, supporters, and others were taken prisoner in the aftermath of Culloden, with 120 of them being executed and 88 dying in prison; 936 transported to the colonies, and 222 more "banished." While many were eventually released, the fate of nearly 700 is unknown. Ms McIntosh said: As we researched answers to these questions, we have begun to discover some very interesting stories. Rebels were taken prisoner after the 1745 Scottish uprising. They were kept for trials to gather evidence against Lord Lovat, whom they caught at the beginning of June, 1746. The rewards are well worth the routine, however, as once the information is wrangled into a coherent framework, it is immediately ripe forprosopographicalscrutiny. It has an extensive bibliography mentioning various lists of names, mainly not online. 63-68, 348 are mentioned in Carlisle on 2 August, Webb to Sharpe (2 August 1746), TNA SP 36/86/1 f. 18. Like many of these amalgamated master lists, it is likely a transcribed compilation made up of scores of temporary registers in various stages of completion and legibility. The statistics that are charted here do not necessarily overlay cleanly upon broader assessments of the Jacobite constituency. A major new research project to examine links between the failed '45 Jacobite uprising and the slave trade is underway. [7]The number of Cromartys men in Cumberlands list matches up rather well with a report from 23 April, which describes the arrival in Inverness of Mackenzie and his son, John, along with ten officers and 150 soldiers taken by the Sutherland Militia. 177-191, 202-203, 228. This is usually glossed over at the end of a book, in a short chapter usually titled Aftermath, said Paul. Cumberland himself concentrated on mopping up operations in and around Inverness. They did so at discretion, meaning all they could hope for was not to be immediately . Here, he recounts Cullodens protagonists and its survivors. From Liverpool in the Johnson to Port Oxford, MD, 1747, and in the Gildart for North Potomac, Maryland. "But for those working on plantations, their standard of living is probably little better than those of black slaves.