At the center of this thin disk of dust and gas, the sun began to form. This causes increased gravitational attraction which in turn causes more matter to come together and vice versa. Laplace theorized that the Sun originally had an extended hot atmosphere throughout the Solar System, and that this protostar cloud cooled and contracted. The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of D) where the ecliptic is. These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. The input shaft for the gear train shown in figure rotates at 6840rpm6840\ \mathrm{rpm}6840rpm. For more information, be sure to check out the origin of the Solar System and how the Sun and planets formed. The rotations of planets, moons and other bodies are inherited from the rotation of the ancient gas cloud from which they formed. Nebular Hypothesis and Formation of the Planets of our Solar System An interesting problem for terrestrial planets is the meter size problem (IIRC the name). [21][33] The latter scenario is thought to be the most promising one, because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low-mass disks (less than 0.1M). C) a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. a. a micrometeorite impact. This method has been useful in star identification, but not in planetary discovery. quiz 8 Flashcards | Chegg.com C) mass times weight. most stars are too bright for us to decect a planetary transit. If the mergers happen after the gas disk dissipates terrestrial planets can form, if in a transition disk a super-Earth with a gas envelope containing a few percent of its mass may form. It would have collapsed gravitationally (the particles of the Nebula began to gather and compress). [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size? A. a. orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector e. size divided by weight. As our solar system formed, the nebular cloud of dispersed particles developed distinct temperature zones. C) meteorites and most asteroids f. P2O5\mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5P2O5. C) the Moon. c.shearing forces A) Saturn. Learn more about the solar nebula theory and the distinction between the catastrophic theories of the solar system's formation and the more gradual, evolutionary theories. C) Ida. B) meteoroids Solar nebula | astronomy | Britannica A) the direction the comet is traveling. For example, there is the problem of tilted axes. D) faster due to conservation of angular momentum. But the dust and gas are also the ingredients for the planets themselves. [78] Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium, instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses. b. cout << "x != z: " << (x != z) << endl; C) Kuiper Belt bodies Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. B) only Jupiter B) the jovian planets are made only of ice, and the terrestrials only of rock. B) mass per unit volume. C) lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic. a. only Jupiter and Saturn II. [2][19], The last stage of rocky planet formation is the merger stage. a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. The main issue was angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets, which the nebular model could not explain. C) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. There were no comets or asteroids in these first-generation star systems. In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. A) close to or at aphelion. Neptune, Comet orbits all have ________ eccentricity compared to the asteroids, Most asteroid orbits lie between those of Mars and ________, A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Compute (n).\varphi(n).(n). Describe two ways of detecting extrasolar planets. Did our Solar System Start with a Little Bang? B) the velocity of the comet. The planet will probably have a mean density of around 5 g/cm3 II. D) flattens out into the ecliptic plane around the Sun's poles. The cells in connective tissue that forms new fibers are the _______. [20] Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 1020 embryos, while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System. E) the asteroid Gaspra. How do scientists determine how long ago Earth first formed? E) Some have satellites of their own. [74] The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. E) a few hundred kilometers across, and bright, shiny white from its ices. According to modern science, which of the following best explains why the vast majority of the mass of our solar system consists of hydrogen and helium gas? A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. I highly recommend you use this site! Therefore, leading many to assume that there are numerous solar systems to be discovered. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. A) orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector. Temperatures were very high close to the center, only allowing condensation of metals and silicate minerals with high melting points. According to current theory, the formation of the planets of our solar system occurred as a result of collisions between increasingly large bodies of matter within a flattened cloud of matter circling the early Sun, known as a protoplanetary disk. As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins So, what this theory is saying is as follows: Originally, there was a rotating cloud of gas that condensed and flattened out like a pancake. The smallest planet, Mercury, has no moons. Which of the following did not occur during the collapse of the solar nebula? The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. D) the core of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. solar nebula, gaseous cloud from which, in the so-called nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, the Sun and planets formed by condensation. The nebula theoryis the most generally accepted evolutionary model for formation of the solar systemfrom a cloud of gas and dust particles known as a nebula. The exoplanets discovered include hot-Jupiters, warm-Jupiters, super-Earths, and systems of tightly packed inner planets. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. ________ of young, condensing stars. C) a grouping of asteroids and meteoroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Essentially, through accretion, these collisions led to larger and larger masses clumping together . [63] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry. e. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, d. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star. According to the nebular theory, a solar system begins when an interstellar cloud, containing approximately 75 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium and traces of other elements, begins to form. In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. Nebular hypothesis - Wikipedia D) away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion. Streaks of light made when small debris hits our atmosphere are called ________. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit resulting in a warm- or hot-Jupiter. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. E) Eros. So, as the sun formed, the planets formed from these ingredients. B) moving closer to the Sun. While a terrestrial planet is a planet made of solid material, such as rock or metals, a Jovian planet is comprised of mostly gases (such as hydrogen, helium, or other similar gases). A) detecting the oxygen in their atmospheres spectroscopically. A meteorite is So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly Clumps of interstellar matter left behind in the midplane of the solar disk as it contracted toward its centre gradually coalesced, through a process of Read More solar system c. cometary debris Long-period comets are believed to originally come from true false. A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called a ________. We expect other solar systems to be common because while we feel that our solar system is unique or special, we also do not want to consider ourselves alone in the universe. So the transition from the geocentric view and eternal state the way things are evolved with appreciation of dinosaurs and plate tectonics too and then refining the nebular idea the Nice model the Grand Tack model alittle more? The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems, while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk. How Does the Interstellar Medium Help Form Stars? [2][20][61][65] In the Solar System they may be represented by Earth and Venus. A) a streak of light in the atmosphere. Corrections? While Kuiper Belt bodies are often larger than any asteroid, we think their density will be d. cout << "! B) are highly inclined to the ecliptic. If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. [30][67] Searches as of 2011 have found that core accretion is likely the dominant formation mechanism. [2] It begins when only a small number of planetesimals remains and embryos become massive enough to perturb each other, which causes their orbits to become chaotic. are almost circular with low eccentricities, Which of the following is not icy in composition? E) all have rings around their equators. This states that the solar system developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula . the Frost Line). The Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets 1. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Back in the 20th century, the two competing theories as to what force was responsible for the creation of the solar system were the catastrophic hypothesis and the evolutionary hypothesis. [2] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30MEarth in a few million years. d) will revolve opposite the star's rotation. E) away from the Sun and disappears at perihelion. B) beyond the orbit of Neptune Hr. We have written many articles about the Solar System here at Universe Today. D) everything past Mars and the asteroid belt If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit. Objections to the collision theory more convincing than those against the nebular hypothesis were raised, however, especially as the latter was modified in the 1940s. A) in the Kuiper Belt. c. N2O\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{O}N2O About 2% of our solar nebula consisted of elements besides hydrogen and helium. Which is the process that cleared the solar nebula away and ended planet building? In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and many were solved. However, it has only been within the past few centuries, with the Scientific Revolution, that the predominant theories have been empirical in nature. The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. 325 lessons. a. compressive forces Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Then the accumulation of matter continues, which will lead to the onset of nuclear reactions that allow the newly formed star to resist gravitational pressure. the ________. The water was brought to the forming Earth by planetesimals that accreted beyond the orbit of Mars. 15 All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. D) Mars. D) close to or at perihelion. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets: a. should be a common result of star formation b. should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator c. should be randomly oriented to their stars equator d. will resolve opposite the star's rotation e. should be extremely rare a. should be a common result of star fomration The Origin of the Solar System l The Big Bang - The Nine Planets B) ground based radar images. Solved Our solar system was created from a dust and gas - Chegg b. mass times weight And the whole idea of solar siblings has been busy the last few years. Currently the best theory is the Nebular Theory . Red Supergiant Life Cycle & Facts | What is a Red Supergiant? Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. Astronomers have not yet been able to detect planets outside our solar system. Before it arrived in orbit about Eros, the NEAR spacecraft visited These observations also suggest that planets form in a remarkably short time. Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. Just when we think we have a satisfactory explanation, there remain those troublesome issues it just cant account for. Credit for this goes to Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov and his book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets (1972). d. closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth b. where the comet came from According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. Ch. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [75], Super-Earths and other closely orbiting planets are thought to have either formed in situ or ex situ, that is, to have migrated inward from their initial locations. [61] As a result, the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive. D) rings around the jovian planets. C) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. Laplace imagined that the planets had condensed from the primitive solar atmosphere, which originally extended far beyond the limits of the present-day system. large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. Long-period comets are believed to originally come from: D) most exoplanets are smaller than Pluto. [22], However, that meaning should not be confused with the process of accretion forming the planets. D) spacecraft sent to an asteroid. The law of conservation of angular momentum. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. The ________ planets are large bodies in the outer solar system with compositions like the Sun's. what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? [16] The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the diska tenfold increase would suffice;[64] protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals;[28] and finally accretion enhancement due to gas drag in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos. That blows a 1st geeration of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells that are seeded with supernova elements, as we see Earth started out with. The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. C) asteroids (ASs well as the direct collapse scenario.) Meteoric material dates the formation of the solar system at about ________ billion years. B) Ceres. B) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. by star infall or radiation pressure flow outwards, before they are finished. C) The asteroids all have about the same density. Star Classification Types & Luminosity Class | How are Stars Classified? The tail of a comet always points D) between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter The absence of Super-Earths and closely orbiting planets in the Solar System may be due to the previous formation of Jupiter blocking their inward migration.