Relative to the reference strain (C57BL/6J), CAST/EiJ has lost 20 olfactory receptors and gained 37 gene family members: 12 novel and 25 supported by published predictions based on messenger RNA (mRNA) derived from CAST/EiJ whole olfactory mucosa (Fig. Headspace Weed Strain Information | Weedmaps European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK, Jingtao Lilue,Anthony G. Doran,Ruth Bennett,Paul Flicek,Adam Frankish,Jane Loveland,David Thybert&Thomas M. Keane, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK, Jingtao Lilue,Anthony G. Doran,Monica Abrudan,William Chow,Joanna Collins,Petr Danecek,Dirk-Dominik Dolle,Matt Dunn,Richard Durbin,Paul Flicek,Adam Frankish,Beiyuan Fu,James Gilbert,Jennifer Harrow,Kerstin Howe,Ximena Ibarra-Soria,Chris J. Lelliott,Darren W. Logan,Jane Loveland,Naomi Park,Sarah Pelan,Mike Quail,Lesley Shirley,Charles Steward,Mark Thomas,Glen Threadgold,James Torrance,Kim Wong,Jonathan Wood,Fengtang Yang,David J. Adams&Thomas M. Keane, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, Ian T. Fiddes,Joel Armstrong,Mark Diekhans,Dent Earl&Benedict Paten, Institut de Gntique et de Biologie Molculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale U964, Universit de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France, Centre des Sciences du Got et de lAlimentation, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt, Dijon, France, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Yale Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, Mark Gerstein,Paul Muir,Fabio C. P. Navarro&Cristina Sisu, OxFORD Asset Management, OxAM House, Oxford, UK, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, Stefanie Nachtweide,Lars Romoth&Mario Stanke, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Bioscience, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK, Departamento de Biologa Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, You can also search for this author in c, Total amount of sequence and protein-coding genes in regions enriched for hSNPs (relative to the GRCm38 reference genome) per strain. 9, e1003242 (2013). and transmitted securely. We assessed the base accuracy of the strain chromosomes relative to two versions of the C57BL/6J reference genome (MGSCv311 and GRCm382) by first realigning all of the paired-end sequencing reads from each strain back to their respective genome assemblies, then using these alignments to identify SNPs and indels. Recommendations: Use low shake. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Genetics (Nat Genet) Cannabis strains are generally classified into three main types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. Mol. carried out the genome analysis. 13, R18 (2012). Receive updates on new products, special offers, and industry news. The assemblies had 4.76.7% primer pairs showing incorrect alignments compared to 10% for MGSCv3 (Supplementary Table 6). easy-to-grow photoperiod cultivar that will produce dense buds Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT) simultaneous clade and personal genome annotation. We found an 18 amino acid mismatch in the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) between Nlrp1b_CAST and Nlrp1b_PWK. Similar to Headspace near Portsmouth, ENG. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. J. Respir. 7 and 8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006886 (2017). 13, (2017). T.M.K., D.J.A., B.P., and J.F. The wild-derived PWK/PhJ (M. m. musculus) and CAST/EiJ (M. m. castaneus) strains share highly similar haplotypes; however, PWK/PhJ macrophages are resistant to pyroptotic cell death induced by anthrax lethal toxin while CAST/EiJ macrophages are not54. 1, 119126 (2000). Immunol. Terpenes may also influence the strain's effects and are believed to work synergistically with cannabinoids in what is known as the "entourage effect.". This Efcab3-like gene was manually curated, validated according to HAVANA guidelines61 and identified in GENCODE releases M11 onwards as Gm11639. We report full-length draft de novo genome assemblies for 16 widely used inbred mouse strains and find extensive strain-specific haplotype variation. Immunol. Genet. Patierno, S. R. et al. Calm. However, the most consistent reports maintain that a Cherry Pie/Burmese Thai cross makes Positive F0 mice were further bred with C57BL/6NTac mice. Chromosome-scale shotgun assembly using an in vitro method for long-range linkage. Libido definitely improved. David Downs. We identify and characterize 2,567 regions on the current mouse reference genome exhibiting the greatest sequence diversity. Natl Acad. 1950 187, 35383545 (2011). Arbogast, T. et al. Bioinformatics 24, 637644 (2008). The separations of Chicago read pairs mapped within draft scaffolds were analyzed by HiRise to produce a likelihood model for genomic distance between read pairs. 9). strains The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Genomes of the Mouse Collaborative Cross. The remaining 31 strains used are commercial starters obtained from different companies. All of the wild-derived strain hSNP regions contained gene and coding sequence (CDS) base-pair counts larger than any classical inbred strain (503 and 0.36 megabases (Mb), respectively; Supplementary Table 9). 2017 Apr;6(2):e00423. The care and use of mice in the study was carried out in accordance with UK Home Office regulations, UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 under a UK Home Office license that approved this work, which was reviewed regularly by the WTSI Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body. Mamm. Combinatorial effects of odorants on mouse behavior. GTEx Consortium. Clin. Brain sections were double-stained using luxol fast blue for myelin and cresyl violet for neurons and scanned at cell-level resolution using the Nanozoomer whole-slide scanner (Hamamatsu Photonics). This process allows for the rescue of genes lost in the first round of filtering and consensus finding, as well as the discovery of polymorphic pseudogenes in the laboratory mouse lineage. There are currently 11 genes in the GRCm38 reference assembly (C57BL/6J) that are incomplete due to a gap in the sequence. Lander, E. S. et al. Headspace can J. Physiol. I found that perfect headspace fifteen years ago with a strain dubbed Super Duper Silver Haze (really a bubblegum strain) that I used to score from PCC in Berkeley. Putnam, N. H. et al. To detect potential scaffold misjoins, we realigned the mate-pair library reads onto the SOAP2 scaffolds with BWA-MEM v0.7.5, walked along each scaffold (greater than 10 kb in size) in 5 kb step intervals and counted the number of 10 kb and 40 kb (where available) spanning fragments at each interval. Mi, H., Muruganujan, A. Assembly of Slfn for the three CC founder strains of wild-derived origin (CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ) showed, for the first time, extensive variation at this locus. Bookshelf Top autoflower seeds to grow for spring and summer 2023. WebFind information about the Headspace strain from Sunday Goods such as potency, common effects, and where to find it. Biodegradation of the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine in cold marine sediment under anaerobic and oligotrophic conditions. In contrast, the EFCAB3 locus only has low-level measurable expression in testis. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. J.Li., T.M.K., L.G., K.H., S.K.P., S.P., J.T., J.W., M.K., W.C., F.Y., K.W., B.F., and J.C. carried out the genome assembly. Boniotto, M. et al. A consensus-finding algorithm was employed to decide between possible versions of an orthologous transcript. Biodegradation. If you want a strain to help you relax and clear your mind for a night of passion, then look no further than Sour Space Candy. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013) under grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2010-241504 (EURATRANS). Whether that be finding the dispensary nearest you, the right doctor to approve for a medical card, or a certain brand/product you are looking for. Sastalla, I. et al. This makes it possible to exploit the combined evidence for gene finding and to discover genes that, for example, are only weakly expressed and partially supported in the reference strain but that have a high expression in other strains. Keane, T. M. et al. Preclinical evaluation of human secretoglobin 3A2 in mouse models of lung development and fibrosis. Combinations of alleles and genes unique to an individual strain are commonly observed at these loci, reflecting distinct strain phenotypes. carried out the knockout generation and phenotyping. To obtain Due to popularity, many cultivars of the same name have cropped up, leading to confusion and dispute over the original genetics and breeder. Frosted Cherry Cookies is a great daytime strain for experienced users, but also pleasant for anyone smoking at the end of the night. We identified between 116,439 (C57BL/6NJ) and 1,895,741 (SPRET/EiJ) high-quality hSNPs from the MGP variation catalog v521 (Supplementary Table 9). strain SC2, which is the first methanotroph with confirmed high-affinity methane oxidation potential. In mouse, phenotypic differences, particularly in diet and behavior, have been linked to distinct olfactory receptor repertoires40,41. Collaborative Cross mice and their power to map host susceptibility to Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Approximately 0.52% of total genome length per strain was unplaced and is composed of unknown gap bases (1849%) and repeat sequences (6179%) (Supplementary Table 2), with between 89 and 410 predicted genes per strain (Supplementary Table 3). Hum. Choosing the right cannabis strain depends on your individual preferences, desired effects, and any specific needs or goals. OG Kush The Strains aroma is woodsy or piney, and pungent is the best way to describe it. 8600 Rockville Pike nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium that grows via fermentation and reduces the cyclic nitramine explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Using this reference, genome-wide variation catalogs (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), short indels, and structural variation) for 36 laboratory mouse strains were generated12,13. 3a). The assemblies also showed extensive diversity at each of the other loci examined: immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and Schlafen family (Slfn). Durrant, C. et al. J. Virol. SNPs visualized in CAST/EiJ and WSB/EiJ for 71.00671.170 Mb on GRCm38 (bottom), including Derl2 and Mis12 (upper panel) and Nlrp1b (lower panel). Physiol. Keller, O., Kollmar, M., Stanke, M. & Waack, S. A novel hybrid gene prediction method employing protein multiple sequence alignments. c, Schematic representation of 22 brain regions plotted in sagittal plane for Efcab3-like mutant male mice (16 weeks of age, n=3) according to P values (two-tailed equal variance t-test, left). 2020 Jun 28;30(6):839-847. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1910.10034. Headspace Cannabis Strain - Discover Its Effects, Genetics, and These divergent profiles suggest that Nlrp1c is not the sole mediator of anthrax lethal toxin resistance in the mouse but several other members may be involved. Rasmussen, A. L. et al. Ibeanusi V, Jeilani Y, Houston S, Doss D, Coley B. Biotechnol Lett. PLoS Genet. Consider the following factors when choosing a strain: Cannabis affects everyone differently, so it's important to consume responsibly and start with a low dose, gradually increasing as needed to find your ideal experience. Gene copy-number polymorphism caused by retrotransposition in humans. The mRNA structure of each gene is shown with white lines on the blue blocks. Usually about 80 psi. In C57BL/6J, three splicing isoforms of Nlrp1b (SV1, SV2, and SV3) were reported54. This strain has also been speculated as Bob Marleys favorite. In this application, two different types of evidence are used: the RNA-Seq hints for each of the novel strains from above; and annotation evidence from GENCODE VM8 for the C57BL/6J reference strain. Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in cannabis and other plants that contribute to each strain's unique scent and flavor profile. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Boyden, E. D. & Dietrich, W. F. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Focusing our analysis on the top 5% most hSNP-dense regions (windows 71 hSNPs per 10 kb sliding window) identified the majority of known polymorphic regions among the strains (Supplementary Fig. 26, 342350 (2016). 21, 15121528 (2011). Nat. 2009 Feb;20(1):15-26. doi: 10.1007/s10532-008-9195-1. Genome Biol. Genome Res. 17, 167 (2016). Familiarize yourself with local cannabis laws and regulations regarding marijuana use, possession, and purchase. Epub 2008 May 6. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. RNA-Seq splicing from two tissues (B=Brain, L=Liver, blue tracks) and five strains are displayed. With its high-THC content, Train Wreck can relieve various mood and health-related conditions, making it a go-to for people needing medicinal relief. The windows were then ordered by density of SNP (lowest, 1 hSNP per 10 kb window, to highest). Our guide explores the relationship between cannabis and imagination, including how to use it to enhance your creative pursuits. All mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free facility with sentinel monitoring at standard temperature (1923C) and humidity (55% 10%), on a 12 h dark, 12 h light cycle (lights on 7:3019:00) and fed a standard rodent chow (LabDiet 50213, 9% crude fat content, 21% kcal as fat, 0.276 ppm cholesterol). Hpcal1 belongs to the neuronal calcium sensors expressed primarily in retinal photoreceptors, neurons, and neuroendocrine cells34. With the genome alignment, evidence is transferred across genomes. Gene prediction based on PacBio cDNA sequencing introduced an average of 1,865 further new isoforms to CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and SPRET/EiJ. Mixing strains is best done with caution and a clear understanding of how each strain may affect you. It can induce euphoria, relaxation, and altered sensory perception. Further details of methods are given in the Supplementary Note. Nat. Cosubstrate independent mineralization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by a Desulfovibrio species under anaerobic conditions. Mouse models of 17q21.31 microdeletion and microduplication syndromes highlight the importance of Kansl1 for cognition. 9, e1003196 (2013). The yield indoors depends on the growing area and can be as much as 1 ounce per square foot. Chromosome-scale assemblies were produced for 16 laboratory mouse strains using a mixture of Illumina paired-end (4070), mate-pairs (3, 6, 10 kilobases (kb)), fosmid, and BAC end sequences (Supplementary Table 1), and Dovetail Genomics Chicago libraries19. USA 102, 814 (2005). Hybrid strains are a combination of Indica and Sativa genetics and can offer a balance of effects, with various ratios available (e.g., Indica-dominant, Sativa-dominant, or balanced). Trainwreck Of the 785 predictions investigated, 62 led to the annotation of new loci, including 19 protein-coding genes and 6 pseudogenes (Supplementary Table 14 and Supplementary Data 8). For example, the Nmur1 gene was extended at its 5 end and made complete on the basis of evidence supporting a prediction that spliced to an upstream exon containing the previously missing start codon. By accessing this site, you accept the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. High will clog probes. Echt oldschool dem Grower erwartet ein herrlich saurer Zitrusduft in Kombination mit Treibstoff, sehr intensiv und richtig aufdringlich. Genome Res. We're still trying to learn more about the flavors and effects of Headspace - if you've smoked, dabbed, or consumed this strain before, tell us about it by leaving a review. Finally, alignment of PacBio long-read complementary DNA sequences from liver and spleen of C57BL/6J, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and SPRET/EiJ showed that the GRCm38 reference genome had the highest proportion of correctly aligned cDNA reads (99% and 98%, respectively) and the strains and MGSCv3 were 12% lower (Supplementary Table 7). 5, 814826 (2013). In the house mouse, Nlrp1 alleles are involved in sensing Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin, leading to inflammasome activation and pyroptosis of macrophages52,53. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium et al. Yalcin, B. et al. 2004 Feb;50(2):91-6. doi: 10.1139/w03-112. Methods Gener. Natl Acad. Diversity between different Nlrp1 alleles is higher than sequence divergence between mouse and rat alleles. If the headspace is excessive, you may only get two or three. Manufacturers have to make bolts within very strict tolerances. But they still have small variances in dimension and thats where headspace tolerances come in. An example of this is the SMLE in .303 British. The .303 headspaces on the rim, not the case shoulder. We used the presence of dense clusters of hSNPs on the C57BL/6J reference genome as a marker for extreme polymorphism and examined the de novo assembly to explore the underlying genomic architecture. Some suggest Red Velvet is a mix of Lemon Cherry Gelato and Pina Acai or a cross between Orange Velvet and Redrum. Sixteen diverse laboratory mouse reference genomes define strain-specific haplotypes and novel functional loci, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0223-8. Headspace Article 1). PseudoPipe: an automated pseudogene identification pipeline. Frosted Cherry Cookies Lanier, L. L. Evolutionary struggles between NK cells and viruses. For example, Sfln8 is a predicted pseudogene in PWK/PhJ but is protein coding in the other strains; the CAST/EiJ allele contains 78 amino acid mismatches compared to the C57BL/6J reference (Supplementary Fig. Medical patients choose Head space to relieve symptoms of stress, pain These coordinates were then used to estimate the combined density of hSNPs using a 10 kb sliding window (step of 2 kb) across the mouse reference genome. Doran, A. G. et al. Mamm. 3b and Supplementary Fig. The expected effects are a little bit like the effects of a good friend: relaxed, happy, euphoric, uplifted, creative, and focused. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Sequence divergence is relative to a consensus sequence for the transposable element type (n=number of repeats in GRCm38, *** indicated P<0.001 using Welchs two-sample t-test. Nephrol. Sativa strains are known for their uplifting and energizing effects, making them suitable for daytime activities and creative pursuits. Pretty much any cultivation type will work, including the ScroG method. ISSN 1546-1718 (online) 2b and Supplementary Figs. 14). The progressiveCactus whole genome alignments were used to project annotations from GENCODE VM860 onto each of the strain-specific assemblies using transMap75. Gene 447, 111 (2009). Bruce Banner specifically, its #3 phenotype offers incredible levels of THC and packs a punch that could humble even the most seasoned veteran. 8, e1002638 (2012). 1e). For example, 23 distinct clusters of olfactory receptors were identified, indicating substantial variation among inbred strains. It goes without saying it is the The authors declare no competing interests. Srivastava, A. et al. Anthony DiMeo. For LTRs, LINEs and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), the mean percentage sequence divergence was significantly lower (P<11022) within hSNP regions compared to the rest of the genome (Fig. Mouse Biol. Mouse models of 17q21.31 microdeletion and microduplication syndromes highlight the importance of Kansl1 for cognition. F1 mice were rescreened by PCR and breakpoints confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Supplementary Data 11). Pseudochromosomes were produced in parallel utilizing cross-species synteny alignments resulting in genome assemblies of between 2.254 (WSB/EiJ) and 2.328 gigabases (Gb) (AKR/J) excluding unknown gap bases. Cactus: Algorithms for genome multiple sequence alignment. Sensory neuron-specific GPCR Mrgprs are itch receptors mediating chloroquine-induced pruritus. Nat Genet 50, 15741583 (2018). 102, 23692378 (2007). Retrotransposition of gene transcripts leads to structural variation in mammalian genomes. For each strain separately, coding genes from GENCODE M815 overlapping pass heterozygote dense windows were identified. For each strain separately, the density of hSNPs in 10 kb sliding windows (step of 2 kb) was estimated. Putative novel loci are defined as spliced genes that were predicted from strain-specific RNA-Seq and did not overlap any genes projected from the reference genome. Sci. Nature 477, 326329 (2011). 36, 11331137 (2004). Enter your location to see results closest to you, Thanks! Learn how to make cannabis-infused ice cream with our step-by-step guide. This is because the THC in the Headspace strain binds to receptors in your brain that make you feel relaxed and euphoric. Would you like email updates of new search results? Anthony DiMeo. Some suggest Red Velvet is a mix of Lemon Cherry Gelato and Pina Acai or a cross between Orange Velvet and Redrum. Weiner, J. Biotin-containing fragments were then isolated using streptavidin beads before PCR enrichment of each library. Neuroanatomical studies were performed blind with experimenters not knowing the genotype of the mouse, on three 16-week-old matched control male mice in C57BL/6N background and three 16-week-old homozygous knockout of Efcab3. Strain 5). The sensory results AskGrowers is an encyclopedia with cannabis-related data. The .gov means its official. Windows were grouped according to the number of hSNPs they contained. OR. Briefly, the constitutive coding exon 5 (chromosome 11: 104700610-104700692, GRCm38), which is well-supported by RNA-Seq data in multiple tissues (ENSMUST00000212287; ENSMUSE00000376310 (ENSEMBL v90)) was deleted using the SpCas9 endonuclease to induce a frameshift mutation. All of the mate-pair reads were aligned to GRCm38 with BWA-MEM v0.7.5, and duplicate fragments were removed with GATK MarkDuplicates v3.4. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role of the Efcab3-like gene to regulate brain development and brain size from the forebrain to the hindbrain. The top 5% of hSNP dense windows was identified and a shared density cut-off per 10 kb window calculated (equivalent to 71 hSNPs per 10 kb window). Svenson, K. L. et al. 16, 1927 (1997). 2c), whereas in M. spretus (also wild-derived) this locus is much shorter than in any other mouse strain. Diversity Outbred mice identify population-based exposure thresholds and genetic factors that influence benzene-induced genotoxicity. It's a delicious way to enjoy the benefits of cannabis in a cool treat. The paternal gene of the DDK syndrome maps to the Schlafen gene cluster on mouse chromosome 11. This resulted in the quantification of 22 unique brain structures, including: (1) total brain area; (2) primary and secondary motor cortices; (3) pons; (4) cerebellar area, internal granular layer of the cerebellum and medial cerebellar nucleus; (5) lateral ventricle; (6) corpus callosum; (7) thalamus; (8) caudate putamen; (9) hippocampus and its associated features; (10) fimbria of the hippocampus; (11) anterior commissure; (12) stria medullaris; (13) fornix; (14) optic chiasm; (15) hypothalamus; (16) pontine nuclei; (17) substantia nigra; (18) fibers of the pons; (19) cingulate cortex; (20) dorsal subiculum; (21) inferior colliculus; and (22) superior colliculus. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Skarnes, W. C. et al. 7). fermentation See the Mouse Genomes Annotation pipeline documentation for details on this process (see URLs). One precise sagittal section was stereostatically defined as the plane Lateral +0.72 mm of the Mouse Brain Atlas. All AugustusCGP transcripts that partially aligned to a reference transcript annotated as pseudogene or non-coding gene were also discarded.